Xenotransplantation of Transgenic Oligodendrocyte-Lineage Cells into Spinal Cord-Injured Adult Rats

Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Deletion Reduces Nuclear Factor-κB Activation, Cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein 2 Expression, and Functional Recovery after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

“…Extensive demyelination and axonal destruction in traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) are caused by a complex series of cellular and molecular events (Tator, 1995;Crowe et al, 1997;Rosenberg and Wrathall, 1997;Rosenbluth et al, 1997). In addition to neuronal and glial cell death, delayed waves of oligodendrocyte degeneration with morphological features suggestive of apoptosis have been described in the secondary white matter damage after SCI (Katoh et al, 1996;Li et al, 1996;Crowe et al, 1997;Springer et al, 1999).…”

Adult Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation for Acute Spinal Cord Injury

“…Numerous authors have reported favorable histological, electrophysiological, and in some cases functional effects of several different types of cellular transplants. The cell types used by these researchers vary widely, as do the animal models and outcome measures reported (Cheng et al, 1996;Gimenez Y Ribotta et al, 1998;Chopp et al, 2000;Akesson et al, 2001;Coumans et al, 2001;Ide et al, 2001;Jin et al, 2000;Rosenbluth et al, 1997;McDonald et al, 1999;Zurita et al, 2001). Recently, several independent groups have reported improved histological as well as improved functional outcomes with transplantation of adult derived cultured olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC; Li et al, 1997;Lu et al, 2001;Ramon-Cueto et al, 2000;Verdu et al, 2001).…”

Stem cell biology and its therapeutic applications in the setting of spinal cord injury

“…Cellular transplantation has been used previously in these models, focusing on the ability of xenografts of pluripotent ESCs to incorporate into the cellular structure of the injured spinal cord and produce functional improvements in animal behavior. 1,7,8,19,26,28,30,33 The mechanism underlying the improvement is controversial. It may be the result of transplanted ESCs maturing into myelinating oligodendrocytes, even though a sizable proportion of these cells develop along an astrocytic lineage.…”

“…It may be the result of transplanted ESCs maturing into myelinating oligodendrocytes, even though a sizable proportion of these cells develop along an astrocytic lineage. 1,7,8,19,28,33 Furthermore, the transplantation of xenografted cells requires the coadministration of corticosteroids during the experimental period to prevent their rejection, which can confound the results. 19,28 Work in humans has been limited.…”

“…1,7,8,19,28,33 Furthermore, the transplantation of xenografted cells requires the coadministration of corticosteroids during the experimental period to prevent their rejection, which can confound the results. 19,28 Work in humans has been limited. 12 Compounding the difficulties of experimentation in humans is the ethical dilemma associated with the use of ESCs.…”