Xestospongia muta Fraction-7 and Linoleic Acid: Effects on SR-BI Gene Expression and HDL Cholesterol Uptake

Abstract

Xestospongia muta is a marine sponge belonging to the family Petrosiidae. It is an important source of biologically active marine natural products, with different kinds of essential fatty acids. Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is the main receptor for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, which plays a pivotal role in preventing atherosclerosis. It removes cholesterol from HDL cholesterol, returning lipid-poor lipoprotein into blood circulation. The present study investigated the effects of X. muta Fraction-7 and linoleic acid on SR-BI gene expression and HDL cholesterol uptake. In vitro studies of the activity of X. muta and linoleic acid against the therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia were conducted using the HDL receptor SR-BI via luciferase assay and HepG2 cells. In the present study, Fraction-7 of X. muta showed the highest expression level of the SR-BI gene via luciferase assay. Profiling of Fraction-7 of X. muta by GC-MS revealed 58 compounds, comprising various fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid. The in vitro study in HepG2 cells showed that the Fraction-7 of X. muta and linoleic acid (an active compound in X. muta) increased SR-BI mRNA expression by 129% and 85%, respectively, compared to the negative control. Linoleic acid increased HDL uptake by 3.21-fold compared to the negative control. Thus, the Fraction-7 of X. muta and linoleic acid have the potential to be explored as adjuncts in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia to prevent or reduce the severity of atherosclerosis development.

Adaptive Expression and ncRNA Regulation of Genes Related to Digestion and Metabolism in Stomach of Red Pandas during Suckling and Adult Periods

“…Unlike red pandas, the up-regulated DE-mRNAs in the stomach of adult ferrets were found to be enriched in cholesterol transfer activity (GO:012020) category and linoleic acid metabolism (ko00591) pathway. The increased linoleic acid metabolism, which promotes cholesterol decomposition [ 83 ], may prove beneficial in reducing the risk of hyperlipidemia and arteriosclerosis that can easily occur as a result of long-term meat consumption in adult ferrets. The up-regulated DE-lncRNAs in adult ferrets were found to have target genes enriched in lipid transporter activity (GO:0005319) category and fatty acid degradation (ko00071) pathway.…”

Metabolites and Bioactivity of the Marine Xestospongia Sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae, Haplosclerida) of Southeast Asian Waters

“…In vitro research in HepG2 cells displayed that fraction-7 of X. muta boosted the expression of Scavenger receptor class B type I ( SR-BI ) mRNA by 129%. SR-BI is the primary receptor for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, which is crucial for preventing atherosclerosis [ 44 ].…”

“…are observed in the Philippines in several places, including the Manila Channel off Mindoro Island [ 42 ]. They are located in Malaysia in several places, including Sepanggar and Gaya Islands, Sabah, Mentigi Island, Johor, Bidong Island, Terengganu, and Langkawi [ 43 , 44 , 45 ]. In Thailand, they are found in Chon Buri and Rayong Provinces [ 46 ] while in Vietnam, they are found in Ha Long Bay and Khanh Hoa [ 47 , 48 ].…”