Low frequency oscillation in an interconnected power system is becoming an increasingly serious problem. It is of great practical significance to make online evaluation of actual power grid's stability. To evaluate the stability of the power system quickly and accurately, a low frequency oscillation stability evaluation method based on an improved XGboost algorithm and power system random response data is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the original input feature set describing the dynamic characteristics of the power system is established by analyzing the substance of low frequency oscillation. Taking the random response data of power system including the disturbance end time feature and the dynamic feature of power system as the input sample set, the wavelet threshold is applied to improve its effectiveness. Secondly, using the eigenvalue analysis method, different damping ratios are selected as threshold values to judge the stability of the system low-frequency oscillation. Then, the supervised training with improved XGboost algorithm is performed on the characteristics of stability. On this basis, the training model is obtained and applied to online low frequency oscillation stability evaluation of a power system. Finally, the simulation results of the eight-machine 36-node test system and Hebei southern power grid show that the proposed low frequency oscillation online evaluation method has the features of high evaluation accuracy, fast evaluation speed, low error rate of unstable sample evaluation, and strong anti-noise ability.Energies 2018, 11, 3238 2 of 18 don't consider the actual uncertainties, and it is difficult to fully reflect the stability level of low-frequency oscillations in actual systems. Therefore, the probabilistic analysis method is introduced. And the statistical probability index of the small signal stability is established by considering the random variables such as state and force variation, load fluctuation, and line parameter variation under various working conditions [5,6]. In literature [7], a small signal stability frequency estimation method is proposed by introducing the Monte Carlo method to the random variables such as load level and form, generator state, and network topology parameters. However, the probability model of random variables is relatively simple, so that the evaluation results cannot accurately reflect the actual situation of the grid. In literature [8,9], the problem is solved. Complex systems require a large amount of computation and long simulation time, so it is necessary to further study more effective methods for evaluating the low-frequency oscillation stability. Based on the eigenvalue analysis method and risk assessment method, considering the probability safety and instability of the system, the literature [10] proposed a method to quickly evaluate the real-time risk of small-scale power grid, but did not consider the uncertainty of the grid. Literature [11] studies the probability distribution of system vibration modal damping based on the determinist...