Xhosa male initiation: Freedom of choice versus the need to belong

Abstract

The results indicate that, regardless of physical and psychological implications, the custom in its traditional form is still preferred by most respondents.

Insights from traditional initiation teachers (Basuwe) on the influence of male traditional initiation (lebollo) on the behaviour of schoolboys

“…Hard work, respect for all, humility, perseverance, service to one's nation and patriotism are some of the traits that are nurtured at initiation schools (Letseka, 2013;Maharasoa & Maharaswa, 2004;Mgqolozana, 2009;Venter, 2013). Matobo et al (2009) moreover assert that initiates are expected to acquire leadership skills, allegiance and dedication to their country, self-respect and self-discipline.…”

“…A particularly important group of role-players is the traditional initiation teachers or initiators (basuwe), elderly men of substantial political, economic and social standing, who teach initiates about cultural and health issues and perform certain rituals. (Meissner & Buso, 2007;Venter, 2013). Researchers (Van Rooyen et al, 2006;Ntombana, 2011;Mohlaloka et al, 2016) argue that traditional initiation can make either a positive or a negative contribution to the behaviour of initiated boys.…”

“…Secondly, the cultural practice of initiation is secret, with the result that it was difficult to find basuwe who were willing to be interviewed and thus the sample is very small. We also had to accept that the participants would offer only a selection of reality and would decide what to share and the manner in which to share it; in light of having to protect the secrecy of their practice (Van Rooyen et al, 2006;Venter, 2013). Fourthly, this article is based on the views of Basotho traditional initiation teachers and thus does not represent the views of peers from other cultural groups such as Batswana, Tshivenda and amaXhosa.…”

“…Young men within the community are initiated when they reach a certain age in order to prepare them for their future roles in their respective communities. Mgqolozana (2009: 29) Male circumcision forms an important part of the initiation process and is symbolic of the above-mentioned transition (Malisha, Maharaj & Rogan, 2008;Matobo, Makatsa & Obioha, 2009;Van Rooyen et al, 2006;Venter, 2013). This happens between an initiate and a traditional surgeon in a secluded area while other initiates wait for their turn.…”

“…This means that traditional initiation is a generational ritual that is passed from one generation to the next to ensure that the legacy of that community or family is kept alive for a long time. Lebollo is a traditional cultural practice involving the process that indicates the transition from boyhood to manhood (Maharasoa & Maharaswa, 2004;Venter, 2013). Young men within the community are initiated when they reach a certain age in order to prepare them for their future roles in their respective communities.…”