XPS study of the halogenation of carbon black—Part 2. Chlorination

Papirer, E.; Lacroix, Renaud; Donnet, Jean‐Baptiste; Nanse, G.; Fioux, Philippe

doi:10.1016/0008-6223(94)00111-c

Cited by 207 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This chlorine would be attached to sp 2 carbons at the periphery of the aromatic structures, or at defect sites. 72 The low Cl content is not unexpected as C-Cl bonds are readily broken under the high temperature condition employed in the CNT synthesis.…”

Section: Xps Analysismentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Four of these peaks are readily assigned to C sp 2 , C sp 3 , C-OH and C=O; it is possible to tentatively assign the fifth peak at 285.4 to C covalently attached to Cl. 72,73 The Cl 2p spectrum of CNTs generated from chlorinated organics ( Supplementary Figs. S5 and S6) showed two signals at 201 and 199 eV which are assigned to the 2p 1/2 and 2p 3/2 of a chloride ion (e.g.…”

Section: Xps Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The synthesis of carbon nanomaterials using chlorinated hydrocarbons over a Fe-Co/CaCO3 catalyst

Maboya¹,

Coville²,

Mhlanga³

2016

S.Afr.j.chem.

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The effect of chlorine on the morphology of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) prepared from a Fe-Co/CaCO 3 catalyst was investigated using chlorobenzene (CB), dichlorobenzene (DCB), trichlorobenzene (TCB), dichloroethane (DCE), trichloroethane (TCE) and tetrachloroethane (TTCE) as chlorine sources using a catalytic chemical vapour deposition (CCVD) method. Toluene was used as a chlorine-free carbon source for comparison. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were successfully synthesized. The physicochemical properties of the CNTs were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The inner and outer diameters of the MWCNTs increased with an increase in the number of chlorine atoms contained in the reactant. Chlorine incorporation into the MWCNTs was observed by EDS analysis for all reactants. Formation of 'bamboo-like' structures for the MWCNTs generated from TCE and TTCE was also observed, facilitated by the presence of the high percentage of chlorine in these reactants. Numerous MWCNTs revealed the presence of small carbon nanostructures that grew on top of the dominant CNTs, suggesting an unexpected secondary carbon growth mechanism.

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Section: Xps Analysismentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Xps Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The synthesis of carbon nanomaterials using chlorinated hydrocarbons over a Fe-Co/CaCO3 catalyst

Maboya¹,

Coville²,

Mhlanga³

2016

S.Afr.j.chem.

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“…Cl(2p) spectra very similar to the that of the flue gas-exposed sample were reported for a sample prepared from a metalized chlorinated organic precursor 19 and for carbons treated with molecular chlorine. 20,21 The published spectrum clearly showed the Cl (2p) peaks (200 and 201.6 eV) attributed to organochlorine, as well as the ionic chloride peak. Similar spectra were also obtained for Norit FGD and North Dakota lignite-derived carbons exposed to flue gas containing much larger amounts of HCl (50 ppm), but did not appear in spectra from a similar carbon exposed to flue gas that did not contain HCl.…”

Section: Olson Crocker Benson Pavlish and Holmesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Compositions of Carbon Sorbents Exposed to Simulated Low-Rank Coal Flue Gases

Olson

Crocker

Benson

et al. 2005

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Bench-scale testing of elemental mercury (Hg 0 ) sorption on selected activated carbon sorbents was conducted to develop a better understanding of the interaction among the sorbent, flue gas constituents, and Hg 0. The results of the fixed-bed testing under simulated lignite combustion flue gas composition for activated carbons showed some initial breakthrough followed by increased mercury (Hg) capture for up to ϳ4.8 hr. After breakthrough, the Hg in the effluent stream was primarily in an oxidized form (Ͼ90%). Aliquots of selected activated carbons were exposed to simulated flue gas containing Hg 0 vapor for varying time intervals to explore surface chemistry changes as the initial breakthrough, Hg capture, and oxidation occurred. The samples were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to determine changes in the abundance and forms of sulfur, chlorine, oxygen, and nitrogen moieties as a result of interactions of flue gas components on the activated carbon surface during the sorption process. The data are best explained by a competition between the bound hydrogen chloride (HCl) and increasing sulfur [S(VI)] for a basic carbon binding site.

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“…If it exists in form of chlorides in the fuel, in other words, the condition of NaCl is in a crystal form due to strong bonding between Na and Cl, it will not be volatilized [25][26][27][28]. Additionally, Cl fixed as metal chlorides after pyrolysis when the Cl concentration is high or metal component exists [29,30], and the binding between C and Cl in carbon black which contained approximately 4% to 7% Cl, was rarely found [31]. In the pyrolysis of the driftwood study, Cl emission is reduced when the chlorine is linked with sodium [32].…”

Section: Change Of Carbon and Salt According To The Pyrolysis Temperamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The peak between 284.6-285.1 eV is related to the existence of a C-C/C-H group, and the peak at 289 eV is related to the carboxyl or ester groups. The peak between 291-292 eV indicates the aromatic rings [31,33]. From the C 1s XPS data, the peak between 291-292 eV appeared at 400 °C and the peak at 289 eV appeared at 200~300 °C and disappeared at 400 °C.…”

Section: Change Of Carbon and Salt According To The Pyrolysis Temperamentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling Possibility of the Salty Food Waste by Pyrolysis and Water Scrubbing

Lee

Kim

et al. 2017

Energies

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Abstract:Salty food waste is difficult to manage with previous methods such as composting, anaerobic digestion, and incineration, due to the hindrance of salt and the additional burden to handle high concentrations of organic wastewater produced when raw materials are cleaned. This study presents a possibility of recycling food waste as fuel without the burden of treatment washing with water by pyrolyzing and scrubbing. For this purpose, salty food waste with 3% NaCl was made using 10 materials and pyrolysis was conducted at temperature range between 200-400 • C. The result was drawn from elementary analysis (EA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) analysis, water quality analysis and calorific value analysis of char, washed char, and washing water. The result of the EA showed that NaCl in food waste could be volatilized at a low pyrolysis temperature of 200-300 • C and it could be concentrated and fixed in char at a high pyrolysis temperature of 300-400 • C. The XPS analysis result showed that NaCl existed in form of chloride. Through the Na content result of the AAS analysis, NaCl remaining in char after water scrubbing was determined to be less than 2%. As the pyrolysis temperature increased, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) value of scrubbing water decreased rapidly, but the total phosphorus and nitrogen contents decreased gradually. The cleaned pyrolysis char showed an increase of higher heating value (HHV) approximately 3667-9920 J/g due to the removal of salt from the char and, especially at 300-400 • C, showed a similar HHV with normal fossil fuels. In conclusion, salty food waste, which is pyrolyzed at a temperature of 300-400 • C and cleaned by water, can be utilized as high-energy refuse derived fuel (RDF), without adverse effects, due to the volatilization of Cl and an additional process of contaminated water.

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XPS study of the halogenation of carbon black—Part 2. Chlorination

Cited by 207 publications

References 14 publications

The synthesis of carbon nanomaterials using chlorinated hydrocarbons over a Fe-Co/CaCO3 catalyst

The synthesis of carbon nanomaterials using chlorinated hydrocarbons over a Fe-Co/CaCO3 catalyst

Surface Compositions of Carbon Sorbents Exposed to Simulated Low-Rank Coal Flue Gases

Recycling Possibility of the Salty Food Waste by Pyrolysis and Water Scrubbing

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