XR-Ed Framework: Designing Instruction-driven andLearner-centered Extended Reality Systems for Education

Abstract

Recently, the HCI community has seen an increased interest in applying Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR) into educational settings. Despite many literature reviews, there still lacks a clear framework that reveals the different design dimensions in educational Extended Reality (XR) systems. Addressing this gap, we synthesize a broad range of educational XR to propose the XR-Ed framework, which reveals design space in six dimensions (Physical Accessibility, Scenario, Social Interactivity, Agency, Virtuality Degree, Assessment). Within each dimension, we contextualize the framework using existing design cases. Based on the XR-Ed Design framework, we incorporated instructional design approaches to propose XR-Ins, an instruction-oriented, step-by-step guideline in educational XR instruction design. Jointly, they aim to support practitioners by revealing implicit design choices, offering design inspirations as well as guide them to design instructional activities for XR technologies in a more instruction-oriented and learner-centered way.CCS Concepts: • Human-centered computing → Mixed / augmented reality; Virtual reality; Interactive systems and tools; • Applied computing → Interactive learning environments.

A Design Space of Educational Authoring Tools for Augmented Reality

“…And finally, because authoring tools are targeting non-expert users (not professional designers), it seems important to accompany such tools with guidance to design AR content best. Guidance might cover multimedia, contiguity, coherence, modality, personalization, and signaling principles [16]. D) Implication for design and research: Our work can be useful for future research in four main ways.…”

“…However, recent reviews have underlined that creating AR experiences that fit pedagogical needs remains a salient challenge because of (i) the complexity of authoring AR and (ii) lacks of evidence-based methods to integrating AR in everyday classrooms [1,5,16]. Currently, authoring AR experiences requires significant technical knowledge and skills [12].…”

Advancing Education Through Extended Reality and Internet of Everything Enabled Metaverses: Applications, Challenges, and Open Issues

“…Alnagrat et al [73] Virtual laboratories Virtual environment of things Established a virtual training platform to increase the efficiency of the students. Yang et al [74] Education framework XR-Ed framework Increases efficiency of student education through the design spaces provisioned considering six dimensions. Andrade et al [75] IoT scenarios 3D visualization Developed a data communication model for translation of IoT data into XR scenarios, events or objects.…”

Using Web 3D and WebXR Game to Enhance Engagement in Primary School Learning

“…Some researchers highlighted that XR interactions (such as AR interaction) are naturally playful, but it requires the XR elements to be integral to the learning objectives to make it benefit to the learning [7]. In terms of learning designs, there have been some research about using XR in children's education [7,[15][16][17][18][19]. However, most research is still at an early stage of applying XR to primary school education.…”

“…Although some research [9][10][11][12][13][14] demonstrates the benefits of using Web3D and WebXR, it is still a challenging task to design and implement such a system especially for primary school children [15][16][17][18][19]. There is very little research about mixed used of XR (for example, by using both AR and VR) interaction with WebXR content and Web3D content within a classroom setting.…”