XRD evaluation of CO2 activation process of coal- and coconut shell-based carbons

Yoshizawa, Noriko; Maruyama, Katsuhisa; Yamada, Y.; Zielinska-Blajet, M.

doi:10.1016/s0016-2361(00)00011-9

Cited by 92 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This means ordering and building of the so-called aromatic sheets as n = Lc/d 0002 increase from 4 up to 15, with activation temperature [10]. The interlayer spacings (d = 3.87-3.93 Å) are very similar to several reported data [10,14], and are, meanwhile, higher than the typical graphitic dimensions of 3.35 Å [10]. This observation indicate that obtained carbons are composed of turbostratic (fully disordered) structures.…”

Section: X-ray Diffraction Profiles Of Steam-activated Carbonssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…and of disordered carbon [14]. The aromatic layers often pile up in 2-3 up to 8-10 to form stacks, and the disorganized carbon are present in aliphatic chain periphery of aromatic layers and cross-linkage structures [15], denoted by "turbostratic structure".…”

Section: Carbon Sciencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter formula was also used to calculate the average crystallite width, La, from the peak centered around 45°, which corresponds to the (100/101) set of planes [19]. Many research papers have been published on the graphitization study of various carbonaceous materials, using the XRD technique, supplemented by other methods [13][14][15][20][21][22][23][24].…”

Section: Carbon Sciencementioning

confidence: 99%

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X-ray Diffraction Patterns of Activated Carbons Prepared under Various Conditions

Girgis¹,

Temerk²,

Gadelrab³

et al. 2007

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151

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A series of activated carbons (ACs) were derived from sugarcane bagasse under two activation schemes: steam-pyrolysis at 600-800°C and chemical activation with H 3 PO 4 at 500°C. Some carbons were treated at 400, 600°C, or for 1-3 h, and/or in flowing air during pyrolysis of acid-impregnated mass. XRD profiles displayed two broad diffuse bands centered around 2θ = 23 and 43°, currently associated with diffraction from the 002 and 100/101 set of planes in graphite, respectively. These correspond to the interlayer spacing, Lc, and microcrystallite lateral dimensions, La, of the turbostratic (fully disordered) graphene layers. Steam pyrolysis-activated carbons exhibit only the two mentioned broad bands with enhancement in number of layers, with temperature, and small decrease in microcrystallite diameter, La. XRD patterns of H 3 PO 4 -ACs display more developed and separated peaks in the early region with maxima at 2θ = 23, 26 and 29°, possibly ascribed to fragmented microcrystallites (or partially organized structures). Diffraction within the 2θ = 43° is still broad although depressed and diffuse, suggesting that the intragraphitic layers are less developed. Varying the conditions of chemical activation inflicts insignificant structural alterations. Circulating air during pyrolysis leads to enhancement of the basic graphitic structure with destruction and degradation in the lateral dimensions.

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Section: X-ray Diffraction Profiles Of Steam-activated Carbonssupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Carbon Sciencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Carbon Sciencementioning

confidence: 99%

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X-ray Diffraction Patterns of Activated Carbons Prepared under Various Conditions

Girgis¹,

Temerk²,

Gadelrab³

et al. 2007

Carbon letters

151

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“…Fig. 9 shows that there was a diffraction peak at around 2θ = 25° for CW which was dramatically different from CA, which can be explained that CA had the microcrystalline structure of cellulose [17] and the structure of aromatic layers was stacked [33]. After the activation with K 2 SiO 3 , diffraction peak at around 2θ = 25°…”

Section: Xrd Analysismentioning

confidence: 95%

Comparative study on microstructure and surface properties of keratin- and lignocellulosic-based activated carbons

Kong

Yue

Zhao

et al. 2015

Fuel Processing Technology

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The paper probed the preparation of activated carbon by potassium silicate (K 2 SiO 3 ) activation from keratin waste (cowhair waste, CW) and lignocellulosic materials (Cyperus alternifolius, CA) and the comparisons of physicochemical properties of the resulting carbons. These impregnation conditions were as follows: one impregnated at room temperature for 12 h then dipped at high temperature for 30 min; the other was only impregnated at room temperature for 12 h, producing four activated carbons CWAC-1, CWAC-2, CAAC-1, and CAAC-2. The influence of activation time, K 2 SiO 3 /precursor weight ratio, and the pre-process on properties of activated carbons was discussed. The CWAC-1 produced at 700 °C with the K 2 SiO 3 /precursor weight ratio of 2:1 possessed the BrunauerEmmet-Teller (BET) surface area of 1965 m 2 /g and total pore volume of 1.345 cm 3 /g, while CAAC-1 prepared at the same conditions attained the BET surface area of 1710 m 2 /g and total pore volume of 0.949 cm 3 /g. The surface area and total pore volume of CAAC increased with the impregnation ratio. Moreover, CWAC-1, CWAC-2, CAAC-1, and CAAC-2 exhibited high portion of micropores, illustrating the role of K 2 SiO 3 . The analysis with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer indicates that CWAC has more functional groups than CAAC, as well as CWAC-1 and CWAC-2 which possess similar functional groups.

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“…However, the vagueness of XRD pattern of coal, which has the low crystallinity, often makes it difficult to evaluate the stacking structure quantitatively. In a previous study [1,2], we reported the standard analysis of carbon stacking structure in coal by XRD technique (Standard Analysis of Coal -by XRD, STAC-XRD). STAC-XRD is based on the procedures proposed by Hirsch et al [3] and Shiraishi et al [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

05/00946 XRD analysis of carbon stacking structure in coal during heat treatment

2005

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XRD evaluation of CO2 activation process of coal- and coconut shell-based carbons

Cited by 92 publications

References 9 publications

X-ray Diffraction Patterns of Activated Carbons Prepared under Various Conditions

X-ray Diffraction Patterns of Activated Carbons Prepared under Various Conditions

Comparative study on microstructure and surface properties of keratin- and lignocellulosic-based activated carbons

05/00946 XRD analysis of carbon stacking structure in coal during heat treatment

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