XRF measurements of tin, copper and zinc in antifouling paints coated on leisure boats

Ytreberg, Erik; Bighiu, Maria Alexandra; Lundgren, L.; Eklund, Britta

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.029

Cited by 58 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…For comparison, one layer (i.e. 46 μm dry thickness) of a typical brackish water AF paint contains approximately 8000 μg/g copper and 14,000 μg/g zinc (Ytreberg et al 2016). Sn was detected on 89 % of the boats, though only 23 % were higher than 500 μg/g, indicating the possible remnants of TBT paints in deeper layers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofouling of leisure boats as a source of metal pollution

Bighiu

Eriksson-Wiklund

Eklund

2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The release of harmful metals from antifouling paints to water bodies is a well-known problem. In this study, we measured both the amount of biofouling growth on leisure boats during one season as well as the concentration of metals accumulated by the biofouling matrix. Furthermore, the efficiency of antifouling paints and mechanical boat cleaning as well as the effect of hull colour on biofouling were evaluated. Unlike paint residues, biofouling waste has never been regarded as a source of metal contamination and has previously been neglected in the scientific literature. Our results revealed that the biofouling waste contained very high concentrations of metals, up to 28,000 mg copper/kg dw and 171,000 mg zinc/kg dw, which exceeds the guidance values for least sensitive land use in Sweden by factors of 140 and 340, respectively. This observation is important because the contaminated biofouling waste is commonly disposed of in boatyard soils at the end of each season, thus increasing the levels of metal pollution. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the amount of biofouling if the boats were coated with copper or zinc containing paints or no paint at all, indicating that biocide paints might not be necessary in lowsalinity areas such as the Stockholm archipelago. For boats that were not painted at all during the season, those washed on boat washers (mechanically) had on average half of the amount of biofouling compared to boats that were not cleaned mechanically. The results of the study indicate the importance of proper management of biofouling waste as well as the use of more environmentally friendly removal methods for biofouling such as boat washers.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofouling of leisure boats as a source of metal pollution

Bighiu

Eriksson-Wiklund

Eklund

2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…According to the latest integrated assessment of hazardous compounds, the entire Baltic Sea fail to reach good environmental status (GES), with respect to descriptor 8 and 9, as described in the Marine Framework Directive (HELCOM 2018). One significant emission source of hazardous compounds to the Baltic Sea is antifouling paints (Lagerström et al 2018;Ytreberg et al 2016). Antifouling paints are used to prevent fouling, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model for leisure boat activities and emissions – implementation for the Baltic Sea

Johansson¹,

Ytreberg²,

Jalkanen³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. The activities and emissions from leisure boats at the Baltic Sea have been modelled in a comprehensive approach for the first time, using a new simulation model leisure boat emissions and activities simulator (BEAM). The model utilizes survey data to characterize the national leisure boat fleets. Leisure boats have been categorized based on their size, usage and engine specifications and for these sub-categories emission factors for NOx, PM2.5, CO, NMVOCs and releases of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) from anti-fouling paints have been estimated according to literature values. The modelling approach also considers the temporal and spatial distribution of leisure boat activities, which are applied to each simulated leisure boat separately. According to our results the CO and NMVOC emissions from leisure boats, as well as Cu and Zn released from antifouling paints, are significant when compared against the emissions originating from registered commercial shipping in the Baltic Sea. CO emissions equal 70 % of the registered shipping emissions and NMVOC emissions equal 160 % when compared against the modelled results at the Baltic Sea in 2014. Modelled NOx and PM2.5 from the leisure boats are less significant compared to the registered shipping emissions. The emissions from leisure boats are concentrated on the summer months of June, July and August and are released in the vicinity of inhabited coastal areas. Given the large emission estimates for leisure boats, this commonly overlooked source of emissions should be further investigated in greater detail.

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“…The method has until now, only been used in one study for screening of ca 700 boat hulls in Sweden (Ytreberg et al 2016 ). The highest concentrations of both tin and copper were detected on boats moored in salt water compared to the boats in brackish water or fresh water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence of TBT and copper in excess on leisure boat hulls around the Baltic Sea

Eklund

Watermann²

2018

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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A handheld XRF-analyzer specially calibrated for measurements of metals on plastic boat hulls has been used on leisure boats in Denmark (DK), Finland (FI), and Germany (DE). The results on tin and copper are presented as μg metal/cm2. Tin is a proxy for the occurrence of organotin compounds on the boat. Two or three sites were visited in each country and between 25 and 90 boats were measured at each site. Every boat was measured at six to eight places, and the results are presented both as mean and median values. Linear regression of mean to median values of the 377 data pairs shows high relationship with R2 = 0.9566 for tin and R2 of 0.9724 for copper and thus both ways of calculation may be used. However, for regulative use, it is suggested that all individual measurements on each boat should be presented and used for decisions of removal or sealing of boat hulls. The results are compared with published data from different parts of Sweden, i.e., boats in fresh water, brackish water, and salt water. The results show that tin with mean values > 50 μg Sn/cm2 is still found on 42, 24, and 23% of the boats in DK, FI, and DE, respectively. The corresponding percentages based on median values are 38, 22, and 18% for DK, FI, and DE, respectively. The variation among boats is high with a maximum mean value of 2000 μg Sn/cm2. As comparison, one layer of an old TBT antifouling paint Hempels Hard racing superior, corresponds to 300 μg Sn/cm2. The percentage of boats with tin > 400 μg Sn/cm2 content based on mean values was 10% in DK, 5% in FI, and 1% in DE. The corresponding median values were 9, 6, and 1% for DK, FI, and DE. Copper, > 100 μg Cu/cm2, was detected on all measured boats in DK and in DE and on all but 3% of the FI boats. One layer of Hempels MilleXtra corresponds to ~ 4000 μg Cu/cm2. The recommendation on the can is to apply two layers. The proportion of boats with higher mean copper values than 8000 μg Cu/cm2 was 51, 56, and 61 for boats in DK, FI, and DE, respectively. The proportion based on median values > 8000 μg Cu/cm2 was 50, 54, and 61% for DK, FI, and DE. The conclusion is that many leisure boats around the Baltic Sea still display or possess antifouling paints containing organotin compounds and that more than half of the boats have more copper than needed for one boat season according to the paint producers. Much of these known toxic compounds will probably be released into the environment and harm the biota. The calibrated XRF-method, intended for area measurements on boat hulls, is an easy and cheap way to detect boats with organotin compounds and high copper content. We recommend environmental authorities to use this method for identification of such boats and to use the results for requesting measures to minimize further leakage to the environment.

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XRF measurements of tin, copper and zinc in antifouling paints coated on leisure boats

Cited by 58 publications

References 19 publications

Biofouling of leisure boats as a source of metal pollution

Biofouling of leisure boats as a source of metal pollution

Model for leisure boat activities and emissions – implementation for the Baltic Sea

Persistence of TBT and copper in excess on leisure boat hulls around the Baltic Sea

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