Edward Phillips characterises a "Tragedian" as "a writer of […] a sort of Dramatick Poetry […] representing murthers, sad and mournfull actions." 1 He may be picking up on Florio's New World of Words which had defined a "comedian" as, no surprise, a "writer of comedies." 2 Both seem, now, self-evident as definitions. But Shakespeare, who was, according to these classifications, both a tragedian and a comedian, used those same words in a different sense. When Rosencrantz lets Hamlet know that "the Tragedians of the City" (Hamlet, TLN 1375) have arrived, or when Cleopatra worries that "The quicke Comedians / Extemporally will stage us" (Antony and Cleopatra, 1459-60) it is actors, not writers, who are being referred to. 3 Moreover, in his lifetime Shakespeare himself was credited for being a "tragedian" and "comedian" when a player not a playwright: in the cast list appended to Ben Jonson's Every Man in His Humour (1598) he is one of the ten "principall Comoedians"; in the cast list for Jonson's Sejanus (1603) he is one of the eight "principall Tragoedians." 4 While, then, in dictionary terms, tragedian and comedian were words to describe types of playwright, for Shakespeare, as for Jonson, they were words to describe types of actor. The suggestion is that, for Shakespeare, Jonson and other early modern playwrights, mode of performance was as much part of genre as mode of writing. This article is on performing tragedy. It looks at three aspects of tragic stage production: tragic curtains; tragic walks; and speaking in a tragic tone. In exploring how tragedy could be conveyed materially and physically, beyond, beside or without words, it shows how crucial staging was to a play's categorisation and hence meaning. 5
Tragic StagingFrom the moment one entered it, the performance space itself might be visibly and obviously "tragic." Along the back of the early modern stage -the area that was also