Xylosyltransferase 1 and the GAG Attachment Site

Yu, Yanlei; Linhardt, Robert J.

doi:10.1016/j.str.2018.05.011

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…It is important to highlight here this primordial aspect of D-xylose on GAGs, and to specify that the biosynthesis of HS/CS/DS and Hep is initiated by, not only D-xylose derived from uridine diphosphate (UDP)-xylose (substrate of xylosyltransferase enzymes [ 53 ]), but also bioactive D-xylose molecules (including exogenous D-xylose) [ 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ]. This remains true even in the situation where cells were previously treated with GAG inhibitors [ 55 ].…”

Section: Covid-19 Severity D-xylose and Type 2 Diabetes: Mechanism By...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The SARS-CoV-2 Entry Inhibition Mechanisms of Serine Protease Inhibitors, OM-85, Heparin and Soluble HS Might Be Linked to HS Attachment Sites

Cheudjeu¹

2022

Molecules

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This article discusses the importance of D-xylose for fighting viruses (especially SARS-CoV-2) that use core proteins as receptors at the cell surface, by providing additional supporting facts that these viruses probably bind at HS/CS attachment sites (i.e., the hydroxyl groups of Ser/Thr residues of the core proteins intended to receive the D-xylose molecules to initiate the HS/CS chains). Essentially, the additional supporting facts, are: some anterior studies on the binding sites of exogenous heparin and soluble HS on the core proteins, the inhibition of the viral entry by pre-incubation of cells with heparin, and additionally, corroborating studies about the mechanism leading to type 2 diabetes during viral infection. We then discuss the mechanism by which serine protease inhibitors inhibit SARS-CoV-2 entry. The biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS), chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), and heparin (Hep) is initiated not only by D-xylose derived from uridine diphosphate (UDP)-xylose, but also bioactive D-xylose molecules, even in situations where cells were previously treated with GAG inhibitors. This property of D-xylose shown by previous anterior studies helped in the explanation of the mechanism leading to type 2 diabetes during SARS-CoV-2 infection. This explanation is completed here by a preliminary estimation of xyloside GAGs (HS/CS/DS/Hep) in the body, and with other previous studies helping to corroborate the mechanism by which the D-xylose exhibits its antiglycaemic properties and the mechanism leading to type 2 diabetes during SARS-CoV-2 infection. This paper also discusses the confirmatory studies of regarding the correlation between D-xylose and COVID-19 severity.

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Section: Covid-19 Severity D-xylose and Type 2 Diabetes: Mechanism By...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The SARS-CoV-2 Entry Inhibition Mechanisms of Serine Protease Inhibitors, OM-85, Heparin and Soluble HS Might Be Linked to HS Attachment Sites

Cheudjeu¹

2022

Molecules

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“…Lee et al (2007) hypothesize that PARVUS initiates the creation of the RES by catalyzing the addition of the reducing xylose residue to an unknown acceptor in the ER, with the subsequent enzymatic steps taking place in the Golgi body, and further compare this mechanism of xylan synthesis to that of GAG synthesis. They note that not only do GAGs need a tetrasaccharide primer, but also that the synthesis of the primer starts in the ER via the addition of the reducing xylose residue to a protein, with the ensuing primer synthesis steps occurring in the Golgi body (Prydz and Dalen, 2000;Lee et al, 2007;Yu and Linhardt, 2018). Additionally, the RES in heparan sulfate attaches to a protein necessary for transport to the cell wall (Kreuger and Kjellén, 2012).…”

Section: Formation and Function Of The Reducing End Sequencementioning

confidence: 99%

Pectin and Xylan Biosynthesis in Poplar: Implications and Opportunities for Biofuels Production

Schultz

Coleman

2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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A potential method by which society's reliance on fossil fuels can be lessened is via the large-scale utilization of biofuels derived from the secondary cell walls of woody plants; however, there remain a number of technical challenges to the large-scale production of biofuels. Many of these challenges emerge from the underlying complexity of the secondary cell wall. The challenges associated with lignin have been well explored elsewhere, but the dicot cell wall components of hemicellulose and pectin also present a number of difficulties. Here, we provide an overview of the research wherein pectin and xylan biosynthesis has been altered, along with investigations on the function of irregular xylem 8 (IRX8) and glycosyltransferase 8D (GT8D), genes putatively involved in xylan and pectin synthesis. Additionally, we provide an analysis of the evidence in support of two hypotheses regarding GT8D and conclude that while there is evidence to lend credence to these hypotheses, there are still questions that require further research and examination.

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“…Although poorly understood, the S-G-X-G (X ≠ P) sequon for xylosylation has been proposed. 78 Both CS and DS contain the GlcA-β1,3-GalNAc-β1,4-repeats with possible GlcA2S/3S and GalNAc4S/6S modifications; however in DS, a small portion of GlcA-β1,3is epimerized into IdoA-α1,3-. HP and HS contain GlcA-β1,4-GlcNAc-α1,4-and IdoA-α1,4-GlcNAc-α1,4units with deacetylated GlcN, sulfated GlcNS, and possible sulfation of GlcNS3S/6S and GlcA2S/IdoA2S.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Glycosaminoglycansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The remaining GAGs are expressed on proteoglycans attached through a Xyl-β-linkage to Ser. Although poorly understood, the S-G-X-G (X ≠ P) sequon for xylosylation has been proposed . Both CS and DS contain the GlcA-β1,3-GalNAc-β1,4- repeats with possible GlcA2 S /3S and GalNAc4S/6S modifications; however in DS, a small portion of GlcA-β1,3- is epimerized into IdoA-α1,3-.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Glycosaminoglycansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oligosaccharide Synthesis and Translational Innovation

2019

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The translation of biological glycosylation in humans to the clinical applications involves systematic studies using homogeneous samples of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, which could be accessed by chemical, enzymatic or other biological methods. However, the structural complexity and wide-range variations of glycans and their conjugates represent a major challenge in the synthesis of this class of biomolecules. To help navigate within many methods of oligosaccharide synthesis, this Perspective offers a critical assessment of the most promising synthetic strategies with an eye on the therapeutically relevant targets.

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Xylosyltransferase 1 and the GAG Attachment Site

Cited by 5 publications

References 8 publications

The SARS-CoV-2 Entry Inhibition Mechanisms of Serine Protease Inhibitors, OM-85, Heparin and Soluble HS Might Be Linked to HS Attachment Sites

The SARS-CoV-2 Entry Inhibition Mechanisms of Serine Protease Inhibitors, OM-85, Heparin and Soluble HS Might Be Linked to HS Attachment Sites

Pectin and Xylan Biosynthesis in Poplar: Implications and Opportunities for Biofuels Production

Oligosaccharide Synthesis and Translational Innovation

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