Y chromosome markers and trans-Bering Strait dispersals

Abstract

Five polymorphisms involving two paternally inherited loci were surveyed in 38 world populations (n = 1,631) to investigate the origins of Native Americans. One of the six Y chromosome combination haplotypes (1T) was found at relatively high frequencies (17.8-75.0%) in nine Native American populations (n = 206) representing the three major linguistic divisions in the New World. Overall, these data do not support the Greenberg et al. (1986) tripartite model for the early peopling of the Americas. The 1T haplotype was also discovered at a low frequency in Siberian Eskimos (3/22), Chukchi (1/6), and Evens (1/65) but was absent from 17 other Asian populations (n = 987). The perplexing presence of the 1T haplotype in northeastern Siberia may be due to back-migration from the New World to Asia.

Ancient links between Siberians and Native Americans revealed by subtyping the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a

“…Earlier, haplogroup Q1a3a has been discovered at a low frequency in Siberian Eskimos, Chukchi and Evens. 43,44 Karafet et al 43 have hypothesized that this haplogroup may have originated in the New World/eastern Beringia and that its infrequent presence in Northeast Siberian populations can be explained by back-migration from Alaska to Siberia. A search of Q1a3a-M3 STRhaplotypes revealed in Evens in the YHRD 3.0 database (http:// www.yhrd.org; release 36 built on 15 April 2011; 91 493 haplotypes within 686 world populations) has shown that matching haplotypes (for loci DYS19, DYS385a, DYS385b, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392 and DYS393) are rarely present in modern Native American populations.…”

DNA sequence variability of IGHG3 alleles associated to the main G3m haplotypes in human populations

“…The fact that we could not test some rarely determined G3m allotypes, like G3m (26) and G3m (27), due to the lack of antisera, should be taken into account to clarify this ± ± ± ± Met ± ± ± ± ± g4 ± ± ± ± ± Arg Glu ± ± ± G3m 5,10,11,13,14 ± ± ± Ser Met ± ± Ile Arg Phe G3m 5,6,10,11,14 ± ± ± Ser Met ± Glu Ile Arg Phe G3m 5,6,11,24 ± ± ± Ser ± Arg Glu ± Arg Phe G3m 10,11,13,15 ± ± Met Ser ± ± ± Ile ± ± G3m 10,11,13,15,16 ± Trp Met Ser ± ± ± Ile ± ± G3m 21,28 Leu ± ± ± Met ± ± Ile Arg ± (10), (13), (14) allotypes in G3m 21,28 haplotypes, whereas non-expression of G3m (14) is probably associated to Val397 in G3m 5,6,11,24 , G3m 10,11,13,15 and G3m 10,11,13,15,16 haplotypes; d Non-expression of G3m (13) correlates with the expression of G3m (6) in G3m 5,6,10,11,14 and G3m 5,6,11,…”

“…By contrast, all Selkup, Lebanese and French G3m 5,10,11,13,14 sequences (n=7) are identical to each other, except in the hinge region (S+L and L+F). The G3m 21,28 haplotype is also highly variable at the DNA level, as four distinct sequences are found among 10 G3m 21,28 genes, and the three G3m 21,28 sequences observed in the Selkups are different from each other (S+F, S1, S2). The sequences associated to haplotype G3m 10,11,13,15,16 vary among populations, as that found in Lebanese (L2, n=3) differ from that found in Selkups (S3, n=6) by one substitution.…”

“…Unfortunately, the DNA sequencing of the only G3m 21,28 gene that we could isolate from a Mandenka did not succeed. Interestingly, the M6 sequence, postulated to be G3m 5,11 , is found at an intermediate position between G3m 5,10,11,13,14 and G3m 21,28 . .…”

“…1 It is defined serologically by 18 allotypes specific to g1 (G1m 1, 2, 3, 17), g2 (G2m 23) and g3 (G3m 5,6,10,11,13,14,15,16,21,24,26,27,28). The IGHG1, IGHG2 and IGHG3 genes are physically linked on chromosome 14q32.3.…”