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Abstract

Bioinformatics (BI) is a diverse and interdisciplinary domain that studies biological data through computational techniques. Its rapid technological progress has led to a significant increase in biological data production, sparking a notable expansion in BI research and application. In recent years, the convergence between BI and forensic science has become increasingly evident, with the growing use of BI tools and techniques in forensic investigations. BI is not only extensively used in biomedical research to analyse biological data and forecast gene regulation but also in the development of drugs targeting disorders linked to epigenetic alterations. It merges principles from various fields like biology, computer science, and statistics to process extensive omics data, create databases, predict structures, and model metabolic processes. The impact of BI on biomedical research is substantial, aiding in data processing, prediction, and visualisation. Moreover, BI is increasingly important in analysing data generated through Sanger-based electrophoresis methods and massively parallel sequencing in forensic DNA analysis, demonstrating its practical application in the field. Therefore, BI plays a critical role in forensic identification, searching databases side by side, forensic DNA phenotyping and biographic ancestry, forensic genetic genealogy, and forensic epigenomics. An overview of different bioinformatic methodologies employed in forensic applications, exploring approaches for managing data and investigating trend analysis strategies within forensic contexts, is discussed. Additionally, it investigates data management strategies. The primary objective was to explore how BI facilitates forensic BI's use, integration, and impact. Utilising a systematic literature review and content analysis, the study examined peer-reviewed articles, conference proceedings, and reports from critical databases like Google Scholar and Scopus, focusing on publications from 2010 to 2024. Key findings highlight the significant advancements in genomic sequencing technologies and their application in personalised therapeutics. Forensic scientists can improve forensic exams' accuracy, reliability, and efficiency by using BI tools, metrics, and efficient data management procedures.