Yessotoxin determination in Mytilus galloprovincialis revealed by an in vitro functional assay

Schirone, Maria; Visciano, Pierina; Luciani, Mirella; Ciarelli, Antonella; Berti, Miriam; Tofalo, Rosanna; Suzzi, Giovanna

doi:10.1007/s11356-012-1216-2

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In the present study the concentrations of YTX and its analogs were lower than the above reported values (Schirone et al, 2013 ; Visciano et al, 2013 ) while levels of LMB belonging to OA-group were detected for the first time. These results confirmed that OA is gaining a high critical interest because it represents the most predominant DSP biotoxin in the European coasts (González-Romero et al, 2012 ).…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 80%

“…However, the DSP outbreak occurrence remains still very difficult to predict due to the high variability of biotoxin content in phytoplankton cells (Leonardo et al, 2017 ). In another study (Schirone et al, 2013 ), YTX levels were found in M . galloprovincialis specimens taken from three Italian regions (i.e., Abruzzo, Molise, Emilia Romagna) along the coasts of the Adriatic Sea, at concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 1.8 mg of YTX equivalent kg −1 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

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Determination of Lipophilic Marine Biotoxins in Mussels Harvested from the Adriatic Sea by LC-MS/MS

et al. 2018

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Lipophilic marine biotoxins include okadaic acid, pectenotoxin, yessotoxin and azaspiracid groups. The consumption of contaminated molluscs can lead to acute food poisoning syndromes depending on the exposure level. Regulatory limits have been set by Regulation (European Community, 2004a) No 853/2004 and LC-MS/MS is used as the official analytical method according to Regulation (European Community, 2011) No 15/2011. In this study specimens of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were collected along the coasts of the central Adriatic Sea during the years 2015–2017 and analyzed by the European harmonized Standard Operating Procedure. The method was validated for linearity, specificity, repeatability and reproducibility and it revealed able to be used for the detection of the lipophilic marine biotoxins. Levels of okadaic acid, pectenotoxin, yessotoxin and its analogs were detected at different concentrations in 148 (37%) out of a total of 400 samples, always below the maximum limits, except for 11 (4.3%) of them that were non-compliant because they exceeded the regulatory limit. Moreover, some samples were exposed to a multi-toxin mixture with regards to okadaic acid, yessotoxin and 1-Homo yessotoxin. Following these results, the aquaculture farms from which the non-compliant samples derived were closed until the analytical data of two consecutive samplings returned favorable. Besides the potential risk of consumption of mussels contaminated by lipophilic marine biotoxins, these marine organisms can be considered as bio-indicators of the contamination status of the marine ecosystem.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 80%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Determination of Lipophilic Marine Biotoxins in Mussels Harvested from the Adriatic Sea by LC-MS/MS

et al. 2018

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“…YTX was the main fat-soluble toxin present in mussels with a concentration range from 164 to 326 mg/100 g of whole flesh. According to Schirone et al (2013), YTX levels were found in M. galloprovincialis specimens collected in three Italian regions (Abruzzo, Molise, Emilia Romagna) along the Adriatic Sea coast, at concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 1.8 mg YTX equivalent kg-1.…”

Section: -2 Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Marine Biotoxins Contamination Level of Mussel (Perna Perna) (Linne, 1758) from the Mamelles Bay, Dakar

2022

FSQM

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This study evaluating marine biotoxins contamination level of mussel (Perna Perna) in the Mamelles Bay (Ouakam) of Dakar is the first report in Senegal. It took place over one year (from March 2018 to February 2019). Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) reference method (Regulation (EC) 15/2011 of 10 January 2011) was used to quantify marine biotoxins. Okadaic acid (OA) and its esters are the most problematic of all the researched biotoxins. They are present throughout most of the year, except September and November, with an average monthly concentration of 163 µg/kg, slightly above the regulatory limit (160 µg/kg). The sanitary status of the mussel shows two peaks of contamination, the first of which occurs in the rainy season (August) and the second in the cold season (December), with values equal to 654 and 802 µg/kg respectively 4 to 5 times higher than the regulatory threshold set by Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 of 29 April 2004 supplemented by Regulation (EU) No 786/2013 amending its Annex III and Senegalese Order No 07951 of 12 May 2017. These two peaks coincide with (i) the wintering period, marked by continental landbased inputs due to rainwater runoff, but also with the temperature rise, or (ii) the cold period with the appearance of upwelling (upwelling of cold water, rich in nutrient salts). In addition to the chemical analyses carried out on the mussel, the research work on phytoplankton and the surveys of physicochemical parameters carried out on the water at the collection site show (i) the existence of toxic algae of the Dinophysis genus and Gambierdiscus, in June, i.e., one to two months before the first peak of contamination of the Perna perna by AO; (ii) also a coincidence between the appearance of these phenomena and variations in surface water temperature and salinity, which are determining factors in the appearance and development of harmful algal blooms. Concerning the other biotoxins investigated, in particular AZA and yessotoxins, it was noted that AZA was absent throughout the year, unlike yessotoxins, which were found in the flesh of Perna perna at concentrations below the regulatory limit set at 3750 µg/kg. The maximum being 51 µg/kg obtained in June, i.e., 73 times lower than the regulatory threshold. In the light of the results obtained, it appears that the periods of high contamination are the winter period and the upwelling period, which could lead to closure measures to guarantee the safety of the mussels. It would be interesting to extend the study to all other bivalve mollusks and gastropods, to carry out an inventory and quantify the toxic microalgae present in the water. To this end, the effectiveness of purification techniques would be tested.

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“…A recently reported effect of Ytx regarding cAMP modulation and mitochondrial A-kinase anchor proteins could build a basis for further assay development (tobio et al, 2012). Another test aims at dosedependent accumulation of e-cadherin fragments in MCF-7 cells upon Ytx treatment giving a detection range of 0.2 to 1.8 mg Ytxequiv./kg (Schirone et al, 2013). Furthermore, the apoptotic activity of Ytx with regard to chromatin condensation, DNA laddering, caspase-3 activation, disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and increase of cytosolic calcium levels could be revealed providing a potential for development of functional assays (Pang et al, 2012).…”

Section: Human-relevant Functional Reference Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A roadmap for hazard monitoring and risk assessment of marine biotoxins on the basis of chemical and biological test systems

Daneshian

2013

ALTEX

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Summary Aquatic food accounts for over 40% of global animal food products, and the potential contamination with toxins of algal origin -marine biotoxins -poses a health threat for consumers. The gold standards to assess toxins in aquatic food have traditionally been in vivo methodssingle marine biotoxins or combinations of marine biotoxins and intoxication symptomatology as well as monitoring the "success" of controls implemented during fishery and aquaculture production, processing, and retailing. For this reason, a workshop was organized in ermatingen, Switzerland by the Center for Alternatives to Animal testing -europe (CAAteurope) within the framework of the transatlantic think tank for toxicology (t 4 ).In contrast to other food products where hygiene and potential contamination with microbes or mold toxins is the prime issue, the emphasis in aquatic products (shellfish and finfish) is, beyond viral and bacterial contaminations, primarily placed on potential contamination with marine biotoxins owing to the numerous and recurring human intoxications.The gold standards to assess toxins in aquatic food have traditionally been in vivo methods, i.e., the mouse and the rat bioassays. Besides the ethical issues of in vivo bioassays there are specific difficulties, e.g., different exposure route (i.p. versus oral), low inter-species comparability, high intra-species variability, and questionable extrapolation of quantitative risk to humans, thus highlighting the need for the development of more reliable detection and quantification methods. Based on this reasoning, the european Food Safety Authority (eFSA) advocates the use of an analytical method, i.e., LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography coupled Mass Spectrometry), as a substitute for in vivo bioassays for almost all classes of marine toxins. However, although lC-MS is a very sensitive method that has the advantages of being able to detect multiple toxins in a single analysis and being good for confirming the identity of toxins, the quality of quantitative analysis is dependent on the availability of calibration standards. While many new toxin structural analogues have been detected and identified using LC-MS, this technique -as with most other methods -is not good at detecting new toxin types. When new toxin analogues are detected but accurate standards are not yet available, only an approximate quantitation is possible using estimated response factors.For the purpose of risk assessment of food, however, it is imperative to focus on the possible adverse effects, independent of whether they stem from one toxin or a combination of toxins. As toxicity is defined by functional and structural changes of biological systems, the development of a human-relevant in vitro system for appropriate risk assessment of marine biotoxins in seafood stands to reason. Moreover, poor correlation of human intoxications, of acute symptomatology and long-term adverse effects, and of predictive in vitro, in vivo, and analytical detection methodologies of marine biotoxins stems not least from a...

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Yessotoxin determination in Mytilus galloprovincialis revealed by an in vitro functional assay

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

Determination of Lipophilic Marine Biotoxins in Mussels Harvested from the Adriatic Sea by LC-MS/MS

Determination of Lipophilic Marine Biotoxins in Mussels Harvested from the Adriatic Sea by LC-MS/MS

Determination of Marine Biotoxins Contamination Level of Mussel (Perna Perna) (Linne, 1758) from the Mamelles Bay, Dakar

A roadmap for hazard monitoring and risk assessment of marine biotoxins on the basis of chemical and biological test systems

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