Yessotoxin production by Gonyaulax spinifera

Growth and bioactive secondary metabolites of arctic Protoceratium reticulatum (Dinophyceae)

“…Together with YTX cell quotas of other isolates (Rhodes et al, 2006;Guerrini et al, 2007;Paz et al, 2007Paz et al, , 2013Rö der et al, 2012), which cover a similarly wide range, this indicates that both, strains from different areas, and isolates from a single population, can be quite different in terms of YTX production. Some strains in the literature have been identified as non-toxigenic, i.e.…”

“…Some strains in the literature have been identified as non-toxigenic, i.e. one isolate from New Zealand (Rhodes et al, 2006), and three isolates from the US (Paz et al, 2007). Yet a lack of YTX largely depends on the sensitivity of the method and the limit of detection.…”

Do the levels of industrial pollutants influence the distribution and abundance of dinoflagellate cysts in the recently-deposited sediment of a Mediterranean coastal ecosystem?

“…Under high levels of iron, cell Naple, Adriatic sea (Italy), Alfacs Bay (Spain) (Montresor, 1995;Bravo et al, 2006;Penna et al, 2010;Satta et al, 2013) Alexandrium minutum Halim * Paralytic shellfish toxins (Bravo et al, 2006) Harbour of Alexandria (Egypt), Catalonia, Arenys del mar (Spain); Ionian sea, Adriatic sea, Tyrrhenian sea, Olbia (Italy), Aegean Sea (Turkey) (Ismael and khadr, 2003;Anglès et al, 2010;Rubino et al, 2010;Penna et al, 2010;Aydin et al, 2011) Alexandrium catenella/tamarense (Whedon & Kofoid) Balech ** Paralytic shellfish toxins (Laabir et al, 2013) Aegean Sea (Turkey), Ionian Sea, Olbia, (Italy), Thau lagoon (France), Tarragona and Barcelona Harbours (Spain) (Bravo et al, 2006;Satta et al, 2010;Rubino et al, 2010;Aydin et al, 2011) Lingulodinium polyedrum (Stein) Dodge Lingulodinium sp ** Yessotoxin (Paz et al, 2004) Ionian Sea, Adriatic sea (Italy), Catalan sea, Arenys del mar, Alfacs and Fangar bays (Spain) Penna et al, 2010;Satta et al, 2010Satta et al, , 2013) Gonyaulax cf. spinifera complex (Claparéde et Lachmann) Diesing * Yessotoxin (Rhodes et al, 2006) Arenys del mar (Spain), Olbia (Italy) Protoceratium reticulatum (Claparède et Lachmann) Butschli * Yessotoxin (Paz et al, 2004) Adriatic sea (Italy), Alfacs and Fangar bays Satta et al, 2013) Protoperidinium claudicans (Paulsen) Balec ** Adriatic sea, Tyrrhenian sea, Olbia and Syracuse bay (Italy) Arenys harbour, Catalonia, Alfacs and Fangar bays (Spain) Garcés et al, 2010;Satta et al, 2013) Protoperidinium leonis * Non toxic Ionian sea ) Protoperidinium compressum (Abé) Balech * Non toxic Arenys harbour, Alfacs and Fangar bays (Spain), Adriatic sea, Olbia and Syracuse bay (Italy) Penna et al, 2010;Satta et al, 2010Satta et al, , 2013) Protoperidinium conicum (Gran) Balech ** Non toxic Aegean Sea (Turkey), Arenys harbour, Alfacs and Fangar bays (Spain), Olbia, Adriatic sea, Syracuse bay and Ionian sea (Italy) …”

Use of Biosensors as Alternatives to Current Regulatory Methods for Marine Biotoxins

“…There are more than 36 compounds in this group of toxins [61]. Like other groups of marine toxins, yessotoxins have phytoplanktonic origin (Protoceratium reticulatum, Lingulodinium polyedrum, Gonyaulax spinifera) [62][63][64] and a worldwide distribution [61,65]. Although yessotoxins were initially included in the DSP toxin group, no diarrheic effects have been reported in humans and they have been demonstrated to have no diarrheic effects in mice by oral administration [66,67].…”