Yessotoxins profile in strains of Protoceratium reticulatum from Spain and USA

Abstract

Seven strains of Protoceratium reticulatum isolated from Spain and the USA were cultured in the laboratory. Yessotoxins (YTXs) quantification and toxin profile determination were performed by LC-FLD and LC-MS/MS. The four Spanish strains were found to produce YTX and known YTX analogs, however, YTX was not detected in any of the three USA strains. Among the strains that produced YTXs, toxin production ranged between 2.9 and 28.6pg/cell. The YTX profile was substantially different between strains, in three out of the four Spanish strains YTX was the main toxin and in the fourth homoYTX was the prominent toxin. This work demonstrates that YTX is not always the main toxin in P. reticulatum and a high variability in YTX amounts and profile found in other locations is confirmed.

Growth and bioactive secondary metabolites of arctic Protoceratium reticulatum (Dinophyceae)

“…For example, Krock et al (2006) found YTX as the major congener in P. reticulatum isolated from the Scottish East coast (North Sea) and from the Benguela Current, SE Atlantic, where in both cases YTX dominated the toxin profile with over 95%. The same was found for isolates from the Andalusian Atlantic coast (NE Atlantic) and the Catalan coast (Alfacs Bay, Mediterranean) (Paz et al, 2007). The authors however reported that one out of three isolates from the same bay produced 96% homo-YTX as the major congener.…”

“…Together with YTX cell quotas of other isolates (Rhodes et al, 2006;Guerrini et al, 2007;Paz et al, 2007Paz et al, , 2013Rö der et al, 2012), which cover a similarly wide range, this indicates that both, strains from different areas, and isolates from a single population, can be quite different in terms of YTX production. Some strains in the literature have been identified as non-toxigenic, i.e.…”

“…Some strains in the literature have been identified as non-toxigenic, i.e. one isolate from New Zealand (Rhodes et al, 2006), and three isolates from the US (Paz et al, 2007). Yet a lack of YTX largely depends on the sensitivity of the method and the limit of detection.…”

Phylogenetic Relationships of Yessotoxin-Producing Dinoflagellates, Based on the Large Subunit and Internal Transcribed Spacer Ribosomal DNA Domains

“…Water samples from New Zealand yielded both nontoxic and toxic isolates of G. spinifera, including one isolate that produced the highest amount of YTX per cell for any genus to date (45; L. Rhodes, personal communication). YTX-producing isolates of P. reticulatum have been described from Canada (58), Italy (5), Norway (50), Japan (10,52), New Zealand (30,34,51,52), Spain (41,42), South Africa (12,21), and the United Kingdom (58). Together, these studies indicate that while YTX production by P. reticulatum appears to be globally distributed, a large variation in the toxicity (0.3 to 79 pg YTX cell Ϫ1 ) is observed between isolates of this species.…”

Apoptosis induced by yessotoxins in Hela human cervical cancer cells in vitro

“…YTXs were first isolated and identified from the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis at Mutsu Bay in Japan in 1987 (1). over the past two years, YTXs have been detected in shellfish around the world, including the coastal cities of china (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9).…”