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Wester, Ronald C.; Christoffel, Julie; Hartway, Tracy; Poblete, Nicholas; Maibach, Howard I.; Forsell, James H.

doi:10.1023/a:1011904921318

Cited by 86 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Culver et al reported that total estimated boron intake including both diet and environmental exposure had for the high-borax dust exposure group a mean daily boron intake of 27.90 mg/day [42]. In addition, it was determined that boron was absorbed by healthy skin only to a very limited extent [44], although absorption of boron that is present in liquid solution occurred in irritated skin [45]. Distribution of boric acid in human tissues is similar to that of animals.…”

Section: Boron Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Boron on Human Health

Bakırdere¹,

Orenay²,

Korkmaz³

2010

TOMPJ

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Studies on boron, its mechanism and health effects are growing although the safe limits of daily boron exposure have not been clarified. Current knowledge about the toxic levels of boron on humans is not sufficient and needs to be improved. The main toxic effect of boron in animals involves the reproductive system, including specific adverse effects in the male reproductive tract in rats, mice and dogs. Boron determination in biological matrices needs sufficiently sensitive procedures for detection at trace levels, and many techniques do exist. In this paper, we reviewed the general view of potential impact of boron on health, exposure of boron and its determination techniques.

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Section: Boron Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Boron on Human Health

Bakırdere¹,

Orenay²,

Korkmaz³

2010

TOMPJ

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“…Three types of skin preparations can be distinguished: Epidermal skin sheets are prepared by heat, chemical or enzymatic separation from the dermis. They are quite fragile and do not possess high metabolic activity [24], although some remaining esterase activity may be present at quite high levels. Split thickness skin is prepared using a dermatome, a device that removes subcutaneous fat and some of the dermis to a specific depth.…”

Section: Ex Vivo Human Skin A) Sources Of Human Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xenobiotic Metabolism in Human Skin and 3D Human Skin Reconstructs: A Review

Gibbs¹,

Sandt²,

Merk³

et al. 2007

CDM

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In this review, we discuss and compare studies of xenobiotic metabolism in both human skin and 3D human skin reconstructs. In comparison to the liver, the skin is a less studied organ in terms of characterising metabolic capability. While the skin forms the major protective barrier to environmental chemical exposure, it is also a potential target organ for adverse health effects. Occupational, accidental or intended-use exposure to toxic chemicals could result in acute or delayed injury to the skin (e.g. inflammation, allergy, cancer). Skin metabolism may play a role in the manifestation or amelioration of adverse effects via the topical route. Today, we have robust testing strategies to assess the potential for local skin toxicity of chemical exposure. Such methods (e.g. the local lymph node assay for assessing skin sensitisation; skin painting carcinogenicity studies) incorporate skin metabolism implicitly in the in vivo model system used. In light of recent European legislation (i.e. 7(th) Amendment to the Cosmetics Directive and Registration Evaluation and Authorisation of existing Chemicals (REACH)), non-animal approaches will be required to reduce and replace animal experiments for chemical risk assessment. It is expected that new models and approaches will need to account for skin metabolism explicitly, as the mechanisms of adverse effects in the skin are deconvoluted. 3D skin models have been proposed as a tool to use in new in vitro alternative approaches. In order to be able to use 3D skin models in this context, we need to understand their metabolic competency in relation to xenobiotic biotransformation and whether functional activity is representative of that seen in human skin.

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“…Multiphoton excitation fluorescence microscopy found tissue structural damage due to frozen storage correlated to increasing permeation of caffeine, with damage most pronounced in skin stored at −80°C [17]. Regardless of any effects on barrier function, heat separation and skin freezing ought not to be used in permeation studies requiring skin viability and metabolism [32]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Frozen Human Epidermis Storage Duration and Cryoprotectant on Barrier Function Using Two Model Compounds

Barbero

Frasch²

2015

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Skin is commonly stored frozen and then thawed prior to use for in vitro permeation experiments. Does frozen storage of skin alter its barrier property? Numerous studies have found contradictory answers to this question. In this study, the steady-state flux and lag time of diethyl phthalate (DEP) were measured for fresh human skin and skin frozen at -85°C for 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months with 10% glycerol as a cryoprotective agent. No significant differences in steady-state flux were found between fresh and previously frozen samples (p = 0.6). For lag time, a significant (p = 0.002) difference was found among all groups, but comparisons with fresh skin were not significant. Does glycerol have a cryoprotective effect? The steady-state flux and lag time of DEP and caffeine were measured through human skin stored at -85°C for up to 12 months with and without 10% glycerol. No significant differences in steady-state flux or lag time were found between samples stored with or without glycerol for either DEP or caffeine (p ≥ 0.17). These findings support the use of frozen skin to measure the passive permeation of chemicals in studies unconcerned with viability and metabolism. Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.

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Abstract: Human skin viability can be maintained for absorption studies. It is recommended that this system be used, and that heat-separation and skin freezing not be used, in absorption studies where skin viability and metabolism might be contributing factors to the study.

Cited by 86 publications

References 8 publications

Effect of Boron on Human Health

Effect of Boron on Human Health

Xenobiotic Metabolism in Human Skin and 3D Human Skin Reconstructs: A Review

Effect of Frozen Human Epidermis Storage Duration and Cryoprotectant on Barrier Function Using Two Model Compounds

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