Young and out: An application of a prospects-based concept of social exclusion

Abstract

We develop a forward-looking empirical concept of social exclusion based on the estimated transition probabilities from a random effects multinominal logit-model. Youths are considered socially excluded if they are currently outside school/work and have a low predicted probability of re-entering in the near future. Implemented on extraordinary rich event history data of compulsory school graduates, we estimate social exclusion among Norwegian youths and find that social exclusion is (i) non-cyclical; (ii) rare among teen-agers, except for immigrant children and individuals with a disadvantaged family background; (iii) more prevalent among young adults in their early twenties; and (iv) independent of gender.

Minority Students’ Perceptions of Schooling and Teachers Quality to Support Their Learning in Norway

“…Some other students were just generally negative about attending school due to feelings of exclusion and more time was spent on trying to let them see the positive side of things in the school. This finding aligns with Raaum et al (2009) argument that although traditional assimilationist theories of social exclusion seem to be based on the assumption that young people prefer inclusion to exclusion, many young persons temporarily choose to stay outside the more institutionalized settings of society. This might be related to an opposition to or a feeling of not mastering the behaviour demanded in a regularized school or work setting.…”

“…Raaum et al (2009) argued that a young person is socially excluded at some moment in time if he or she is currently outside the structured arenas of school and work but also has a high probability of remaining outside in the near future. Atkinson (1998: 14, cited in Raaum et al, 2009 points out that 'people are excluded not just because they are currently without a job or income, but because they have little prospects for the future'.…”

“…However, in order to grasp the complexity of social exclusion, it is important to note that in some situations, students are choosing to stay out of the main group for various reasons. Raaum et al (2009) argued that traditional assimilation theories have a flawed assumption that all young migrants are yearning for inclusion. But, some young persons temporarily choose to stay outside the more institutionalized settings of society (Raaum et al 2009), as an expression of opposition to or a feeling of not mastering the behaviour demanded in a regularized school or work setting.…”

“…Raaum et al (2009) argued that traditional assimilation theories have a flawed assumption that all young migrants are yearning for inclusion. But, some young persons temporarily choose to stay outside the more institutionalized settings of society (Raaum et al 2009), as an expression of opposition to or a feeling of not mastering the behaviour demanded in a regularized school or work setting. For others, it is related to alternative priorizations, such as the wish to explore possibilities of work or the fact that they become parents at a young age and therefore feel forced to temporarily stay outside the arenas of school and work.…”

Effekter av arbeidsmarkedspolitikk rettet mot ungdom i Nord-Europa – en meta-analyse

“…Det å starte karrieren med arbeidsledighet eller inaktivitet kan skape langvarige arr som påvirker framtidige lønns-og arbeidsforhold (Liu, Salvanes & Sørensen 2014;Nilsen & Reiso 2014;Schmillen &Umkeh-rer 2013). Ungdom som tilbringer mye tid utenfor utdanning og arbeid, har økt risiko for marginalisering og sosial ekskludering, og har ofte en løsere tilknytning til samfunnet (Raaum, Rogstad, Røed & Westlie 2009). Saerlig utsatt er unge mennesker med lave kvalifikasjoner og nedsatt arbeidsevne.…”