Young children discriminate genuine from fake smiles and expect people displaying genuine smiles to be more prosocial

Song, Ruiting; Over, Harriet; Carpenter, Malinda

doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.05.002

Cited by 26 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…To investigate this question, we focused on face perception since previous research has demonstrated that young children are able to perceive social qualities in faces. Cogsdill, Todorov, Spelke, and Banaji () found that 5‐ and 6‐year‐olds were at adult levels of reliability when judging faces for trustworthiness, dominance and competence and, in addition, Song, Over, and Carpenter () found that similarly aged children are able to discriminate between subtly different facial expressions (i.e., real vs. fake smiles). Other research has suggested that group membership influences how young children perceive faces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Young children perceive less humanness in outgroup faces

McLoughlin

Tipper

Over

2017

Developmental Science

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Young children perceive less humanness in outgroup faces

McLoughlin

Tipper

Over

2017

Developmental Science

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“…Children made more “true” judgments than other types in valid-cue condition and showed a trend to make more “fake” judgments in invalid-cue condition. Song et al (2016) also found that young children could discriminate genuine from fake smiles. In all, the literature indicated that children could understand what a fake or pretended emotional state meant, yet it would be better in future studies to ensure this by explicitly asking them about it.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Physical Cue Influences Children’s Empathy for Pain: The Role of Attention Allocation

Yan

Pei

2018

Front. Psychol.

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Empathy for pain is evolutionally important and context-dependent. The current study explored the effect of physical cue on 4- to 5-year-old children’s empathy for pain with two experiments. Experiment 1 investigated the effect of valid and invalid physical cue as compared to baseline (without cue) in pain evaluation task (evaluating the pain intensity of a facial expression, N = 28). Experiment 2 employed eye-tracking to investigate the attentional process in valid and baseline conditions (evaluating the pain intensity of a body image with an apparently injured arm or leg, N = 65). We found the evaluation of pain intensity was the highest in the valid condition, and higher in baseline condition than invalid. As for eye-tracking results, children fixated more quickly, had more fixations and longer total fixation duration in valid-cue condition. Of attention allocation, compared with baseline condition, children fixated on arm/leg more quickly, more frequently and for longer time in valid condition. Additionally, eye-tracking results were significantly related to their evaluation of pain intensity.

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“…The aforementioned authors found that children have particular difficulty with sadness, but not joy; adults have been found to be better at detecting both. In fact, at the age of 4 children are already able to explicitly discriminate between Duchenne vs. non-Duchenne smiles, and implicitly at the age of 3 (Song et al, 2016). That said, Dawel et al (2015) considered that the skills required to carefully determine the authenticity of emotions from facial information mature at a later stage.…”

Section: Children's Recognition Of Emotional Expressionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying Emotional Expressions: Children’s Reasoning About Pretend Emotions of Sadness and Anger

et al. 2020

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This study aims to further understand children’s capacity to identify and reason about pretend emotions by analyzing which sources of information they take into account when interpreting emotions simulated in pretend play contexts. A total of 79 children aged 3 to 8 participated in the final sample of the study. They were divided into the young group (ages 3 to 5) and the older group (6 to 8). The children were administered a facial emotion recognition task, a pretend emotions task, and a non-verbal cognitive ability test. In the pretend emotions task, the children were asked whether the protagonist of silent videos, who was displaying pretend emotions (pretend anger and pretend sadness), was displaying a real or a pretend emotion, and to justify their answer. The results show significant differences in the children’s capacity to identify and justify pretend emotions according to age and type of emotion. The data suggest that young children recognize pretend sadness, but have more difficulty detecting pretend anger. In addition, children seem to find facial information more useful for the detection of pretend sadness than pretend anger, and they more often interpret the emotional expression of the characters in terms of pretend play. The present research presents new data about the recognition of negative emotional expressions of sadness and anger and the type of information children take into account to justify their interpretation of pretend emotions, which consists not only in emotional expression but also contextual information.

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Young children discriminate genuine from fake smiles and expect people displaying genuine smiles to be more prosocial

Cited by 26 publications

References 66 publications

Young children perceive less humanness in outgroup faces

Young children perceive less humanness in outgroup faces

Physical Cue Influences Children’s Empathy for Pain: The Role of Attention Allocation

Identifying Emotional Expressions: Children’s Reasoning About Pretend Emotions of Sadness and Anger

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