Young Children in Institutional Care at Risk of Harm

Johnson, Rebecca J.; Browne, Kevin D.; Hamilton‐Giachritsis, Catherine

doi:10.1177/1524838005283696

Cited by 138 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Consequently, one third of them developed what has been called postinstitutional autistic syndrome (Hoksbergen, ter Laak, Rijk, van Dijkum, & Stoutjesdijk, 2005). This syndrome includes stereotypic behaviors, an inability to identify human emotions, as well as disordered communication, language, cognition, and attachment (Ellis, Fisher, & Zaharie, 2004;Hoksbergen et al, 2005;Johnson, Browne, & Hamilton-Giachritsis, 2006;Miller, Chan, Comfort, & Tirella, 2005;Wismer Fries, Ziegler, Kurian, Jacoris, & Pollak, 2005). Importantly, when these orphans were moved to an enriched environment provided by foster parents, their intelligence test scores, language development, social engagement and mental health improved (Nelson et al, 2007).…”

Section: Sensorimotor Deprivation Increases Autism Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental enrichment as an effective treatment for autism: A randomized controlled trial.

Woo¹,

Leon²

2013

Behavioral Neuroscience

138

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Enriched sensorimotor environments enable rodents to compensate for a wide range of neurological challenges, including those induced in animal models of autism. Given the sensorimotor deficits in most children with autism, we attempted to translate that approach to their treatment. In a randomized controlled trial, 3-12 year-old children with autism were assigned to either a sensorimotor enrichment group, which received daily olfactory/tactile stimulation along with exercises that stimulated other paired sensory modalities, or to a control group. We administered tests of cognitive performance and autism severity to both groups at the initiation of the study and after 6 months. Severity of autism, as assessed with the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, improved significantly in the enriched group compared to controls. Indeed, 42% of the enriched group and only 7% of the control group had what we considered to be a clinically significant improvement of 5 points on that scale. Sensorimotor enrichment also produced a clear improvement in cognition, as determined by their Leiter-R Visualization and Reasoning scores. At 6 months, the change in average scores for the enriched group was 11.3 points higher than that for the control group. Finally, 69% of parents in the enriched group and 31% of parents in the control group reported improvement in their child over the 6-month study. Environmental enrichment therefore appears to be effective in ameliorating some of the symptoms of autism in children.

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Section: Sensorimotor Deprivation Increases Autism Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental enrichment as an effective treatment for autism: A randomized controlled trial.

Woo¹,

Leon²

2013

Behavioral Neuroscience

138

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“…Este achado é congruente com a investigação sobre os efeitos nocivos da privação parental, nas esferas comportamental e social (Hodges & Tizard, 1989;Johnson et al, 2006). Na verdade, as crianças institucionalizadas têm evidenciado: (a) maior activação e desatenção; (b) dificuldades de comunicação social; (c) comportamento social inadequado e défices de funcionamento interpessoal (Fischer et al, 1997;Kaler & Freeman, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Apesar de uma significativa variabilidade intra-grupo e de não serem ainda conhecidos os processos através dos quais ocorre este impacto negativo, a má qualidade da prestação de cuidados e, em muitos casos, a ausência do estabelecimento de uma relação de apego com um prestador de cuidados (Bowlby, 1973;Johnson et al, 2006;O'Connor et al, 1999) parecem estar associadas a resultados desenvolvimentais futuros perniciosos, na medida em que comprometem a vivência de experiências de afecto positivo e de regulação emocional adequadas e a progressiva aquisição de conhecimentos e expectativas acerca: (a) da figura de apego como disponível, responsiva e apoiante à exploração do meio; (b) do self como competente, valorizado e capaz de influenciar os outros; (c) do mundo em geral (Bretherton & Munholland, 1999). Nelson et al (2007) ressaltam que a questão crítica da plasticidade cerebral reside na relevância dos perío-dos sensíveis do desenvolvimento, a partir dos quais a recuperação pode estar seriamente comprometida.…”

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Desenvolvimento, psicopatologia e apego: estudo exploratório com crianças institucionalizadas e suas cuidadoras

Pereira¹,

Soares²,

Dias³

et al. 2010

Psicol. Reflex. Crit.

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ResumoO presente estudo exploratório examinou o desenvolvimento mental e a qualidade do funcionamento sócio-emocional de 16 crianças entre os 3 e os 6 anos, institucionalizadas em Centros de Acolhimento Temporário, relacionando-os com a qualidade das narrativas sobre o apego das suas cuidadoras. Foram utilizadas a Escala de Desenvolvimento Mental de Griffiths, o Questionário de Comportamentos, as Narrativas sobre o Apego e o Attachment Q-Sort. Os resultados revelaram que o nível de desenvolvimento das crianças foi inferior aos valores normativos. Além disso, os valores apresentados ao nível da psicopatologia, em termos de sintomas de internalização e de externalização, aproximaram-se dos valores clínicos. Não obstante e, em contraste com o esperado, a maioria das crianças apresentou valores próximos da segurança (base segura), os quais não estão associados com a qualidade das narrativas sobre o apego das suas cuidadoras. Os resultados são discutidos com base no impacto da privação em meio institucional para o desenvolvimento na infância. Palavras-chave: Infância; Institucionalização; Apego; Desenvolvimento; Psicopatologia. AbstractThis exploratory study examined mental development and the quality of socio-emotional functioning of 16 institutionalized children, aged from 3 to 6 years old, relating them with the quality of their caregivers' attachment narratives. Griffiths Developmental Scales, Child Behavior Checklist, Attachment Script Representation and Attachment Q-Sort were used in the psychological assessment. Results showed that chidren's developmental level was placed below normative data. Furthermore, data regarding externalizing and internalizing psychopathology symptoms were close to the clinical population. Nevertheless, and in contrast to our hypothesis, most children presented almost mormative attachments scores (secure base), but this was not related to the quality of attachement narratives presented by their caregivers. The implications of these findings are discussed in light of the impact of institutional deprivation in child development.

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“…We must consider that the separation from his biological parents at three months, followed by placement in an orphanage, could have had a truncating effect on his emotional development. Young children who remain institutionalized for more than six months are at significant risk of developing attachment problems and cognitive, social, and behavioral issues (Johnson, Browne, & Hamilton-Giachritsis, 2006). However, although living with a supportive family fostered higher IQs on average, attachment-related issues persist in institutionalized children.…”

Section: Emotional Distancementioning

confidence: 99%

A Case of Rejection, Redemption, and Resilience: Commentary on the Case of Rafael

Oades-Sese¹,

Kitzie

2011

PCSP

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Paul Clement (2011) presents a unique case of an adolescent with congenital limb deficiency. He integrates a number of approaches that encompass positive psychology, cognitive restructuring, social problem-solving skills, outcome assessment, and a quantitative evaluation of therapeutic change. We examine this case using resilience as a theoretical framework with an emphasis on identity formation, self-esteem, coping strategies, and assessment. We provide some comments on the strengths of Clement's approach as well as offer suggestions of additional assessment procedures and interventions that may have been beneficial to Rafael's treatment.Keywords: resilience; limb deficiency; cognitive behavioral therapy; orphan; clinical case studies; case studies _____________________________________________________________________________________ Paul Clement (2011) provides a valuable glimpse into his practice and therapeutic approach in the case of Rafael. Anchored by a clear theoretical approach, Clement provides a very useful view of the practical use of outcome assessment in private practice. His patient, Rafael, demonstrated significant and long-term gains associated with his treatment with Clement. This unique case addresses treatment of an adolescent with congenital limb deficiency-a condition not often encountered by the general practitioner. Clement integrated a number of approaches that encompassed positive psychology, cognitive restructuring, social problemsolving skills, outcome assessment, and quantitative evaluation of therapeutic change. His approach was to assess strengths and weaknesses and to replace weakness with new competencies.Drawing on his past experience as a swimming coach, he saw his role as practicing new competencies in the "pool." We will review the case through the perspective of research on children with chronic health conditions, with a focus on resilience, self-esteem, coping strategies,

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Young Children in Institutional Care at Risk of Harm

Cited by 138 publications

References 48 publications

Environmental enrichment as an effective treatment for autism: A randomized controlled trial.

Environmental enrichment as an effective treatment for autism: A randomized controlled trial.

Desenvolvimento, psicopatologia e apego: estudo exploratório com crianças institucionalizadas e suas cuidadoras

A Case of Rejection, Redemption, and Resilience: Commentary on the Case of Rafael

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