“…According to Veblen (1899), the conspicuous display of wealth is a necessary activity for those seeking higher personal status and prestige within the community. Conspicuous consumers pay extra to associate with aspired co-consumers, differentiating them from non-luxury good consumers to seek esteem and envy from others (Phau & Cheong, 2009). For consumers in developing or emerging economies, luxury goods are associated not only with images of high quality (Seo & Buchanan-Oliver, 2015) but also with social and symbolic values (Li et al, 2013;Paul, 2015aPaul, , 2015b.…”