Young Once, Indian Forever: Youth Gangs in Indian Country

Bell, James G.; Lim, Nicole-Ann

doi:10.1353/aiq.2005.0077

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Early annihilation efforts by the U.S. government, including warfare and purposeful spread of infectious diseases (DeBruyn et al 2001), were followed by assimilation efforts through placement of AI/AN children in boarding schools and urban relocation programs (Bell and Lim 2005; Brave Heart 1998). Assimilation efforts also may have led to loss of culture and traditions, resulting in increased prevalence of dysfunctional family life and mental disorders, which are additional risk factors for interpersonal violence (Brave Heart 1998; Duran et al 2009; Duran and Duran 1995; Pavkov et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Family and partner interpersonal violence among American Indians/Alaska Natives

et al. 2014

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Family and partner interpersonal violence are common among American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations. AI/AN women have the second highest prevalence of violence against women among all racial/ethnic groups in the United States, and child abuse prevalence rates in AI/AN populations are among the highest. Elder abuse in AI/AN is also an important concern, although data on this are sparse. This review describes the epidemiology of child abuse, violence against women, and elder abuse among AI/AN, including prevalence and associated risk factors. The authors discuss potential reasons for the high burden of interpersonal violence among AI/AN, including common risk factors. Important limitations in existing literature are also highlighted, along with recommendations for future research on this topic.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2197-1714-1-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Family and partner interpersonal violence among American Indians/Alaska Natives

et al. 2014

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“…However, in the wake of considerable gang problems in urban areas, especially in African American and Hispanic communities, research and media accounts have focused on these populations to the virtual exclusion of other groups (Decker & Van Winkle, 1996; Fleisher, 1998; Hagedorn, 1988; Moore, 1991; Vigil, 1988, 2002). Consequently, gang membership among American Indian populations is often overlooked, with fewer studies examining Native gangs (e.g., Armstrong et al, 1999; Bell & Lim, 2005; Donnermeyer, Edwards, Chavez, & Beauvais, 2000; Hailer, 2008; Henderson, Kunitz, & Levy, 1999; Major, Egley, Howell, Mendenhall, & Armstrong, 2004; McNulty & Bellair, 2003; Mendenhall & Armstrong, n.d. ; Theriot & Parker, 2007; Whitbeck, Hoyt, Chen, & Stubben, 2002; Wyrick, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The New American Gang? Gangs in Indian Country

Freng

Davis

McCord

et al. 2012

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice

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Gangs remain a problem across the country. American Indian communities started to see increased gang activity in the 1990s. Despite this, there is little information on American Indian gangs in the literature. This article provides an overview of the characteristics of American Indian gang members and gangs from a Western American Indian reservation community. Utilizing survey responses from 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th graders, the authors explore the characteristics of American Indian gangs, the members who belong to these groups, and the risk factors that differentiate those individuals who become involved in gangs in tribal communities from youth who do not. This study contributes to the overall understanding of gangs and provides additional knowledge regarding American Indian gangs to help target law enforcement, prevention, and intervention services.

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“…Research on urban gangs has identified socioeconomic disadvantage and antisocial models within the family as important risk factors for joining a gang (Hill et al, 1999; Lahey, Gordon, Loeber, Stouthamer-Loeber, & Farrington 1999; Thornberry et al, 2003). Poverty and low educational attainment, all of which occur at high rates in many Indigenous communities (United States Census Bureau, 2006), create multiple levels of disadvantage within families and may weaken positive parenting practices that may be salient for Indigenous gang involvement (Bell & Lim, 2005; Freng et al, 2012; Grant & Feimer, 2007; Grekul & LaBoucane-Benson, 2008). Specifically, factors such as poor parental monitoring (Freng et al, 2012), having a family member in a gang (Grant & Feimer, 2007), and parent antisocial history (Freng et al, 2012) have been shown to be significant correlates of Indigenous gang involvement.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These macro-historical processes, in turn, create a unique developmental context for Indigenous youth which is embedded in the social and cultural environments of reservations and reserves. These multiple levels of marginality that stem from historical cultural losses and continued economic marginalization on reservations/reserves may create fertile social and geographic conditions conducive to gang formation and involvement among Indigenous youth (Bell & Lim, 2005; Grant & Feimer, 2007; Grekul & LaBoucane-Benson, 2008; Joseph & Taylor, 2003). Both models would suggest that risk factors function similarly across social groups, but the conditions that shape and give rise to these risk factors may be unique among certain groups (e.g., race/ethnicity).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective Childhood Risk Factors for Gang Involvement Among North American Indigenous Adolescents

Hautala

Sittner

Whitbeck

2016

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

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The purpose of the study was to examine prospective childhood risk factors for gang involvement across the course of adolescence among a large eight-year longitudinal sample of 646 Indigenous (i.e., American Indian and Canadian First Nations) youth residing on reservation/reserve land in the Midwest of the United States and Canada. Risk factors at the first wave of the study (ages 10–12) were used to predict gang involvement (i.e., gang membership and initiation) in subsequent waves (ages 11–18). A total of 6.7% of the participants reported gang membership and 9.1% reported gang initiation during the study. Risk factors were distributed across developmental domains (e.g., family, school, peer, and individual) with those in the early delinquency domain having the strongest and most consistent effects. Moreover, the results indicate that the cumulative number of risk factors in childhood increases the probability of subsequent gang involvement. Culturally relevant implications and prevention/intervention strategies are discussed.

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Young Once, Indian Forever: Youth Gangs in Indian Country

Cited by 6 publications

References 1 publication

Family and partner interpersonal violence among American Indians/Alaska Natives

Family and partner interpersonal violence among American Indians/Alaska Natives

The New American Gang? Gangs in Indian Country

Prospective Childhood Risk Factors for Gang Involvement Among North American Indigenous Adolescents

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