Young's modulus of polycrystalline Li12Si7 using nanoindentation testing

Ratchford, Joshua B.; Crawford, B.; Wolfenstine, J.; Allen, J. S.; Lundgren, Cynthia A.

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.02.027

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…These experiments revealed that lithiation proceeded more quickly at the tensile side, whereas lithiation was slower at the compressive side, in agreement with chemomechanical modeling. [95,[97][98][99][100]. Some of these studies were performed on amorphous Li-Si thin film electrodes prepared via electrochemical lithiation [95,99,100], while others were on polycrystalline Li-Si alloys obtained by high temperature alloying [97,98].…”

Section: Chemomechanical Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[95,[97][98][99][100]. Some of these studies were performed on amorphous Li-Si thin film electrodes prepared via electrochemical lithiation [95,99,100], while others were on polycrystalline Li-Si alloys obtained by high temperature alloying [97,98]. In order to avoid chemical reaction of lithiated Si with ambient air, great care was taken in these experiments to maintain the samples in mineral oil or inert gas environment during nanoindentation.…”

Section: Chemomechanical Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The mechanics of large-volume-change transformations in high-capacity battery materials

McDowell

Xia

Zhu

2016

Extreme Mechanics Letters

116

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Section: Chemomechanical Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemomechanical Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mechanics of large-volume-change transformations in high-capacity battery materials

McDowell

Xia

Zhu

2016

Extreme Mechanics Letters

116

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“…When considering the coupled diffusion and plastic deformation, most theories have assumed that, in each small element of the host, the reaction (or insertion) has reached equilibrium, while plastic flow is a nonequilibrium process. The local effects of Li insertion are limited to the induced deformation and the change in mechanical properties [97][98][99]. This physical picture has been adopted despite the observation that both reaction and flow are mediated by breaking and reforming atomic bonds.…”

Section: Reactive Flow Of Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemomechanics of Electrodes in Li-Ion Batteries: A Review

Zhao

2016

Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage

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A Li-ion battery is a system that dynamically couples electrochemistry and mechanics. The electrochemical processes of Li insertion and extraction in the electrodes lead to a wealth of phenomena of mechanics, such as large deformation, plasticity, cavitation, fracture, and fatigue. Likewise, mechanics influences the thermodynamics and kinetics of interfacial reactions, ionic transport, and phase transformation of the electrodes. The emergence of high-capacity batteries particularly enriches the field of electrochemomechanics. This paper reviews recent observations on the intimate coupling between stresses and electrochemical processes, including diffusion-induced stresses, stressregulated surface charge transfer, interfacial reactions, inhomogeneous growth of lithiated phases, instability of solid-state reaction front (SSRF), as well as lithiationmodulated plasticity and fracture in the electrodes. Most of the coupling effects are at the early stage of study and are to be better understood. We focus on the elaboration of these phenomena using schematic illustration. A deep understanding of the interactions between mechanics and electrochemistry and bridging these interdisciplinary fields can be truly rewarding in the development of resilient high-capacity batteries.

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“…16 The quantitative utility of such models is dependent on measured elastoplastic properties, particularly the fracture toughness of these materials. To date, few experimental measurements of fracture toughness K Ic of battery materials have been reported; [17][18][19][20] similarly, few measurements of composition-dependent mechanical properties have been reported, with the exception of lithiated silicon for which both fracture toughness 19,21 and elastic constants [21][22][23][24][25][26][27] have been reported as functions of composition. Thus, the extent to which K Ic and other elastoplastic properties of ion-storage materials vary with lithium concentration, is understood poorly.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…28 Similarly, reduction of elastic moduli by a factor of 2-3 has been predicted computationally for lithiated silicon alloys 32 and verified experimentally. 19,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27] Mechanical property variations of this magnitude affect the stress distributions developed in electrochemically active materials. 29,33 Thus, the design and selection of mechanically robust battery electrode materials requires knowledge of how mechanical properties change during electrochemical cycling.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Electrochemical Charging on Elastoplastic Properties and Fracture Toughness of Li_XCoO₂

Swallow

Woodford

McGrogan

et al. 2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Mechanical degradation of lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrodes has been correlated with capacity fade and impedance growth over repeated charging and discharging. Knowledge of how the mechanical properties of materials used in LIBs are affected by electrochemical lithiation and delithiation could provide insight into design choices that mitigate mechanical damage and extend device lifetime. Here, we measured Young's modulus E, hardness H, and fracture toughness K Ic via instrumented nanoindentation of the prototypical intercalation cathode, Li X CoO 2 , after varying durations of electrochemical charging. After a single charge cycle, E and H decreased by up to 60%, while K Ic decreased by up to 70%. Microstructural characterization using optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and further nanoindentation showed that this degradation in K Ic was attributable to Li depletion at the material surface and was also correlated with extensive microfracture at grain boundaries. These results indicate that K Ic reduction and irreversible microstructural damage occur during the first cycle of lithium deintercalation from polycrystalline aggregates of Li X CoO 2 , potentially facilitating further crack growth over repeated cycling. Such marked reduction in K Ic over a single charge cycle also yields important implications for the design of electrochemical shock-resistant cathode materials. Energy storage is an enabling technology for electrified transportation and for large-scale deployment of renewable energy resources such as solar and wind. For many applications, non-aqueous ionintercalation chemistries such as Li-ion are attractive for their high energy density and electrochemical reversibility. However, the electrode materials used in ion-intercalation batteries undergo significant composition changes-which correlate to high storage capacity-that can induce structural changes and mechanical stresses; these changes can degrade battery performance metrics such as power, achievable storage capacity, and lifetime.1-8 Microstructural damage has been observed directly in numerous electrode materials subjected to electrochemical cycling, both within single crystals (or grains) and among polycrystalline aggregates. 4,5,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] While the relationships among electrode microstructure, electrochemical cycling conditions, crystallographic changes in the active materials, and resulting mechanical stresses have been elucidated, relatively little is known about the composition-dependency of the key physical properties. Numerous models have been developed to predict mechanical deformation in ion-storage materials during electrochemical cycling, as recently reviewed by Mukhopadhyay and Sheldon. 16 The quantitative utility of such models is dependent on measured elastoplastic properties, particularly the fracture toughness of these materials. To date, few experimental measurements of fracture toughness K Ic of battery materials have been reported; [17][18][19][20] similarly, few measureme...

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Young's modulus of polycrystalline Li12Si7 using nanoindentation testing

Cited by 25 publications

References 16 publications

The mechanics of large-volume-change transformations in high-capacity battery materials

The mechanics of large-volume-change transformations in high-capacity battery materials

Electrochemomechanics of Electrodes in Li-Ion Batteries: A Review

Effect of Electrochemical Charging on Elastoplastic Properties and Fracture Toughness of Li_XCoO₂

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Young's modulus of polycrystalline Li12Si7 using nanoindentation testing

Cited by 25 publications

References 16 publications

The mechanics of large-volume-change transformations in high-capacity battery materials

The mechanics of large-volume-change transformations in high-capacity battery materials

Electrochemomechanics of Electrodes in Li-Ion Batteries: A Review

Effect of Electrochemical Charging on Elastoplastic Properties and Fracture Toughness of LiXCoO2

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Product

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Effect of Electrochemical Charging on Elastoplastic Properties and Fracture Toughness of Li_XCoO₂