Your Face Says It All: Closeness and Perception of Emotional Expressions Among Females

Parmley, Maria; Zhang, Fang

doi:10.1080/00224545.2014.972313

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Some authors have argued that individuals showing an approach bias towards angry faces should be more aggressive, as they should be more prone to interpret anger expressions as a challenge rather than a threat, i.e., as an appetitive stimulus (van Honk et al, 2001 ; Beaver et al, 2008 ). However, happy faces are generally less ambiguous than angry faces (Coupland et al, 2004 ; Becker et al, 2011 ; Parmley and Zhang, 2015 ) and they more clearly convey reward and positive valence (Averbeck and Duchaine, 2009 ; Furl et al, 2012 ). Hence, happy facial expressions should more consistently elicit approach motivation than angry ones.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hit or Run: Exploring Aggressive and Avoidant Reactions to Interpersonal Provocation Using a Novel Fight-or-Escape Paradigm (FOE)

Beyer

Buades-Rotger

Claes

et al. 2017

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Interpersonal provocation presents an approach-avoidance conflict to the provoked person: responding aggressively might yield the joy of retribution, whereas withdrawal can provide safety. Experimental aggression studies typically measure only retaliation intensity, neglecting whether individuals want to confront the provocateur at all. To overcome this shortcoming of previous measures, we developed and validated the Fight-or-Escape paradigm (FOE). The FOE is a competitive reaction time (RT) task in which the winner can choose the volume of a sound blast to be directed at his/her opponent. Participants face two ostensible opponents who consistently select either high or low punishments. At the beginning of each trial, subjects are given the chance to avoid the encounter for a limited number of times. In a first experiment (n = 27, all women), we found that fear potentiation (FP) of the startle response was related to lower scores in a composite measure of aggression and avoidance against the provoking opponent. In a second experiment (n = 34, 13 men), we altered the paradigm such that participants faced the opponents in alternating rather than in random order. Participants completed the FOE as well as the Dot-Probe Task (DPT) and the Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT). Subjects with higher approach bias scores in the AAT avoided the provoking opponent less frequently. Hence, individuals with high threat reactivity and low approach motivation displayed more avoidant responses to provocation, whereas participants high in approach motivation were more likely to engage in aggressive interactions when provoked. The FOE is thus a promising laboratory measure of avoidance and aggression.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hit or Run: Exploring Aggressive and Avoidant Reactions to Interpersonal Provocation Using a Novel Fight-or-Escape Paradigm (FOE)

Beyer

Buades-Rotger

Claes

et al. 2017

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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“…People identify more with friends than with acquaintances or strangers (Allan, ); for example, Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) are significantly more likely to seek advice from executives in other organizations who are their friends than from acquaintances (McDonald & Westphal, ). In the affective realm, friendship has been related to greater expression of emotions in social settings (Wagner & Smith, ); and friends, as compared to acquaintances, are able to read each other's expressions more quickly and accurately (Parmley & Zhang, ). Also, friends have been shown to have greater empathy for one another (Güroğlu et al, ) and to experience greater emotional contagion in groups (Barsade, ).…”

Section: Which Is More Powerful—group Fear or Group Hope In Escalation Of Commitment To A Currently Failing Venture?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Which matters more? Group fear versus hope in entrepreneurial escalation of commitment

Huang

Souitaris

Barsade

2019

Strategic Management Journal

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Research Summary We examine the influence of two conflicting emotions—group fear and group hope—in entrepreneurial team decision‐making. We are interested in which emotion will be more strongly related to whether entrepreneurial teams escalate their commitment to a currently failing venture versus terminating that venture. Using a longitudinal start‐up simulation and based on data from 66 teams across 569 decision‐making rounds, we find that group “hope trumps fear.” That is, the relationship between group hope and escalating commitment to a failing venture is stronger than the relationship between group fear and terminating that venture. We predict and find that team engagement mediates these relationships. We find partial support for a predicted moderation effect of group friendship strength. Theoretical implications are discussed. Managerial Summary Emotions are a critical but often unacknowledged part of entrepreneurial decision‐making. We tested whether group fear or group hope will most strongly influence teams' decisions to escalate their commitment, versus terminating a currently failing venture. Using a longitudinal entrepreneurial simulation, based on data from 66 teams across 569 decision‐making rounds, we find that “hope trumps fear.” That is, the relationship between group hope and escalating commitment to a failing venture is stronger than the relationship between group fear and terminating that venture. Group engagement versus disengagement helps to explain this finding. Our results indicate the importance of entrepreneurs understanding and managing their team emotions for the best decision‐making. It also helps explain the continued engagement of entrepreneurial teams who even, when fearful, have hope.

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“…There are a few studies of emotion perception in which relational context has been varied and, in these, relational context has been shown to have an impact on perception of emotion. Specifically studies have shown that knowledge of partners generally increases the accuracy of judgments of expressed emotion (Parmley & Zhang, 2015; Stanley & Isaacowitz, 2015; Sternglanz & DePaulo, 2004), although, in one case, knowledge appeared to decrease the ability to detect concealed sadness and anger (Sternglanz & DePaulo, 2004).…”

Section: Existing Work On Emotion Perception In the Context Of Ongoin...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy and projection in perceptions of partners’ recent emotional experiences: Both minds matter.

Clark

Culin

Clark-Polner

et al. 2017

Emotion

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In 2 studies involving 96 married couples (Study 1) and 118 romantic couples (Study 2), we investigated partners' perceptions of each others' recently experienced emotions. In both studies, both individuals within each couple independently provided reports of (a) their own recently experienced emotions, (b) their perceptions of their partners' recently experienced emotions, and (c) the extent to which they had expressed the emotions they had experienced to their partner. We then assessed the extent to which perceptions of partners' emotions were (a) accurate (i.e., in agreement with partners' independent reports of their own feelings) and (b) a function of the perceiver's own emotions (i.e., projected). Significant evidence for both accuracy in perceiving emotions (4 of 7 emotions in Study 1; 8 of 9 emotions in Study 2) and for projection of perceivers' own emotions onto partners was obtained (5 of 7 emotions in Study 1; 9 of 9 emotions in Study 2). Effects for all remaining emotions trended in the same directions. There was almost no moderation of these effects by targets' having knowingly expressed the emotions. Implications of the patterning of findings for different emotions for the social functions of accuracy and projection in perceiving emotions are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record

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Your Face Says It All: Closeness and Perception of Emotional Expressions Among Females

Cited by 7 publications

References 43 publications

Hit or Run: Exploring Aggressive and Avoidant Reactions to Interpersonal Provocation Using a Novel Fight-or-Escape Paradigm (FOE)

Hit or Run: Exploring Aggressive and Avoidant Reactions to Interpersonal Provocation Using a Novel Fight-or-Escape Paradigm (FOE)

Which matters more? Group fear versus hope in entrepreneurial escalation of commitment

Accuracy and projection in perceptions of partners’ recent emotional experiences: Both minds matter.

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