“…As of now, most research relies on indirect tests. For instance, there is evidence that smartphone symbols are associated with positive affect (van Koningsbruggen, Hartmann, Eden, & Veling, 2017) and can prime relationshiprelated concepts (Kardos, Unoka, Pléh, & Soltész, 2018). Additionally, there is ample cross-sectional evidence demonstrating that users themselves report that they obtain social gratification from social apps (Ishii, Rife, & Kagawa, 2017;Jung & Sundar, 2018;Karapanos, Teixeira, & Gouveia, 2016).…”