“…User behaviour (whether due to psychographic profiling, users’ own interests, platform algorithms or other behaviour change mechanisms) within peer-to-peer gaming, streaming, video sharing and social media platforms has altered the landscape [ 11 ]. Radical groups that are active online include (but are not limited to) far-right, far-left, Islamist and other religious groups, conspiracy theory, “incel”, “eco-activist” and those incorporating elements from populist agendas appearing within mainstream politics [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. On TikTok (a collaborative, short-form video hosting service), it has been noted that:…”