Youth, family change and welfare arrangements

Abstract

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Mother’s educational level and single motherhood: Comparing Spain and Italy

“…Given that all these changes have not happened with equal intensity among all southern countries, we have selected Spain and Italy as two cases representing two different trends (Moreno and Marí-Klose 2013). Our results confirm that the relationship between educational level and single parenthood has been clearly inverted in Spain, where we have observed a positive association between less-educated women and single motherhood, where the risk of becoming a single mother is now higher among the less-educated.…”

“…This disparity between Italy and Spain in labor market opportunities for men and women has come hand-in-hand with differences in attitudes and behaviors towards new forms of the family that are related to single parenthood. Research on attitudes towards new forms of the family show that the percentage of respondents who disapprove of single motherhood is substantially lower in Spain than in Italy, and that this percentage in fact increased in Italy between 1990 (43.2%) and2008 (54.8%), while in Spain it decreased over the same period (23.4% in 1990 and 14% in 2008) (Moreno and Marí-Klose 2013). At the same time, the acceptance of divorce has increased substantially over the last 10 years in Spain (Becerril 2008 However, the historical period may affect single motherhood through two mechanisms working in opposite directions.…”

“…It is plausible that the shift in the relationship between educational level and single motherhood hypothesized in this paper started among young women, because they have fewer social and economic barriers to overcome. Young mothers have more liberal values and greater chances of being employed, since the employment rate is higher among young female cohorts (Moreno and Marí-Klose 2013).…”

Living in poverty, living with poverty: the community workers’ conceptions on child poverty in Greece

“…More precisely, it is considered a highly fragmented and deeply polarized system, with rudimentary and uncoordinated provisions. As in other southern European countries, social networks in Greece cover the shortcomings of the incomplete welfare state, while family bears the responsibility to act as a "shock absorber" institution in times of crisis (Adam and Papatheodorou, 2016;Calzada and Brooks, 2013;Moreno and Marí-Klose, 2013;Andreotti et al, 2010;Gal, 2010;Ferrera, 2005;Leitner, 2003;Flaquer, 2001). This status quo reflects Flaquer's argument that "the welfare state in South Europe is the Mediterranean figure of family welfare" (Flaquer, 2001, as cited in Kallinikaki, 2010, p 181) or Moreno's and Marí-Klose's consideration of family as a source of "intergenerational household micro-solidarity" (Moreno and Marí-Klose, 2013, p 494-495).…”

Leave policies in Southern Europe: continuities and changes

“…Underpinning these changes are higher female educational levels; the post-modernisation of family values and patterns, particularly among younger cohorts, and including support for public childcare provision (Calzada & Brooks, 2013;Moreno & Marí-Klose, 2013); changing policies related to family and gender equality; the diversification of family forms, in particular increasing divorce (above the EU average in Portugal and Spain since 2006); male employment insecurity; and escalating housing costs in the last decade, particularly affecting young families. Even though 'male-breadwinner and housewife' remains a significant family pattern, it no longer corresponds to ideal preferences and is often associated with low educational attainment and lack of employment opportunities.…”