Youth running consensus statement: minimising risk of injury and illness in youth runners

Krabak, Brian J.; Roberts, William O.; Tenforde, Adam S.; Ackerman, Kathryn E.; Adami, Paolo Emilio; Baggish, Aaron L.; Barrack, Michelle T.; Cianca, John; Davis, Irene S.; d’Hemecourt, Pierre A.; Fredericson, Michael; Goldman, Joshua; Harrast, Mark A.; Heiderscheit, Bryan C.; Hollander, Karsten; Kraus, Emily; Luke, Anthony; Miller, Emily M.; Moyer, Melissa; Rauh, Mitchell J.; Toresdahl, Brett G; Wasfy, Meagan M.

doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-102518

Cited by 56 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…Injury rates depend on several factors that need to be taken into consideration, such as systematic factors (age, BMI), running-/training-related factors (training frequency, training and racing distance, experience, level of running, footwear, biomechanics), health factors (injury history) and lifestyle factors (drinking, smoking) [66][67][68][69][70]. Not all of these factors were reported in each study and may vary between investigated populations.…”

Section: Shorter Competition Distances Increase the Risk Of Injury For Female Runnersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-Specific Differences in Running Injuries: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

et al. 2021

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Background Running is a popular sport with high injury rates. Although risk factors have intensively been investigated, synthesized knowledge about the differences in injury rates of female and male runners is scarce. Objective To systematically investigate the differences in injury rates and characteristics between female and male runners. Methods Database searches (PubMed, Web of Science, PEDro, SPORTDiscus) were conducted according to PRISMA guidelines using the keywords “running AND injur*”. Prospective studies reporting running related injury rates for both sexes were included. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool the risk ratios (RR) for the occurrence of injuries in female vs. male runners. Potential moderators (effect modifiers) were analysed using meta-regression. Results After removal of duplicates, 12,215 articles were screened. Thirty-eight studies were included and the OR of 31 could be pooled in the quantitative analysis. The overall injury rate was 20.8 (95% CI 19.9–21.7) injuries per 100 female runners and 20.4 (95% CI 19.7–21.1) injuries per 100 male runners. Meta-analysis revealed no differences between sexes for overall injuries reported per 100 runners (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.90–1.10, n = 24) and per hours or athlete exposure (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.69–1.27, n = 6). Female sex was associated with a more frequent occurrence of bone stress injury (RR (for males) 0.52, 95% CI 0.36–0.76, n = 5) while male runners had higher risk for Achilles tendinopathies (RR 1. 86, 95% CI 1.25–2.79, n = 2). Meta-regression showed an association between a higher injury risk and competition distances of 10 km and shorter in female runners (RR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00–1.69). Conclusion Differences between female and male runners in specific injury diagnoses should be considered in the development of individualised and sex-specific prevention and rehabilitation strategies to manage running-related injuries.

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Section: Shorter Competition Distances Increase the Risk Of Injury For Female Runnersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-Specific Differences in Running Injuries: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

et al. 2021

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“…Understanding the etiology, treatment, and prevention of RRI requires identifying associated intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors (Meeuwisse, 1994;Bahr and Holme, 2003;Rauh et al, 2011). A recent consensus statement on youth runners provided a comprehensive evaluation of risk factors and their relationships with musculoskeletal injuries from prospective cohort and retrospective studies (Krabak et al, 2020). Previous injury (Rauh et al, 2000(Rauh et al, , 2006Plisky et al, 2007;Reinking et al, 2010;Tenforde et al, 2013;Tirabassi et al, 2016) and sex (female) have been the most consistent intrinsic risk factors for RRI among adolescent runners (Rauh et al, 2000(Rauh et al, , 2006Plisky et al, 2007;Tenforde et al, 2013;Tirabassi et al, 2016;Hollander et al, 2021b).…”

Section: Epidemiology and Etiology Of Running-related Injuries In Adolescentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the prevalence of rearfoot strike patterns depend on running speed, the use of and habituation to footwear, age and sex (Hollander et al, 2018). Non-rearfoot strike patterns [i.e., making initial contact with the toes or midfoot (Hoenig et al, 2020)] have been advocated as a potential injury prevention strategy in adolescents and adults (Lieberman et al, 2010), although the evidence is conflicting especially for youth runners (Warr et al, 2015;Davis et al, 2017;Chan et al, 2018;Messier et al, 2018;Anderson et al, 2019;Krabak et al, 2020).…”

Section: Footstrike Mechanics and Kinematicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notably, early sport specialization in adolescent athletes is associated with increased sport-related injury risk, attributed in part to the homogeneity of movement patterns repetitively stressing the same immature tissues (Hamill et al, 2012;Post et al, 2017). Although associations between running biomechanics and overuse injuries have been widely studied in adults (Ceyssens et al, 2019;Hollander et al, 2021a), comparatively little research has targeted potential relationships between musculoskeletal injury and growth-related changes in biological age, body anthropometry, neuromuscular control, and running biomechanics in youth (Krabak et al, 2020). The aim of this perspective article was to provide a brief summary of the current epidemiology and etiology of RRI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adolescent Running Biomechanics - Implications for Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation

McSweeney

Silbernagel

Gruber

et al. 2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Global participation in running continues to increase, especially amongst adolescents. Consequently, the number of running-related injuries (RRI) in adolescents is rising. Emerging evidence now suggests that overuse type injuries involving growing bone (e.g., bone stress injuries) and soft tissues (e.g., tendinopathies) predominate in adolescents that participate in running-related sports. Associations between running biomechanics and overuse injuries have been widely studied in adults, however, relatively little research has comparatively targeted running biomechanics in adolescents. Moreover, available literature on injury prevention and rehabilitation for adolescent runners is limited, and there is a tendency to generalize adult literature to adolescent populations despite pertinent considerations regarding growth-related changes unique to these athletes. This perspective article provides commentary and expert opinion surrounding the state of knowledge and future directions for research in adolescent running biomechanics, injury prevention and supplemental training.

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“…Given that distance running is the second most prevalent sport amongst adolescents in England (Sport England., 2021 ), this lack of research is concerning. As a result, a better understanding of common RRIs during maturation is important for supporting long-term athletic development (Bergeron et al, 2015 ; Krabak et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injuries and Training Practices in Competitive Adolescent Distance Runners: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

Mann

McKay

Clift

et al. 2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Background: Distance running is one of the most popular sports around the world. The epidemiology of running-related injury (RRI) has been investigated in adults, but few studies have focused on adolescent distance runners.Objectives: (1) To provide descriptive epidemiology of RRI (risks, rates, body regions/areas, and severity) and examine the training practices (frequency, volume, and intensity) of competitive adolescent distance runners (13–18 years) in England, and (2) to describe potential risk factors of RRI.Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used. Adolescent distance runners (n = 113) were recruited from England Athletics affiliated clubs. Participants voluntarily completed an online questionnaire between April and December 2018. At the time of completion, responses were based on the participant's previous 12-months of distance running participation. Incidence proportions (IP) and incidence rates (IR) were calculated.Results: The IP for “all RRI” was 68% (95% CI: 60–77), while the IR was 6.3/1,000 participation hours (95% CI: 5.3–7.4). The most commonly injured body areas were the knee, foot/toes, and lower leg; primarily caused by overuse. The number of training sessions per week (i.e., frequency) significantly increased with chronological age, while a large proportion of participants (58%) self-reported a high level of specialisation.Conclusions: RRI is common in competitive adolescent distance runners. These descriptive data provide guidance for the development of RRI prevention measures. However, analytical epidemiology is required to provide better insight into potential RRI risk factors in this specific population.

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Youth running consensus statement: minimising risk of injury and illness in youth runners

Cited by 56 publications

References 93 publications

Sex-Specific Differences in Running Injuries: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

Sex-Specific Differences in Running Injuries: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

Adolescent Running Biomechanics - Implications for Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation

Injuries and Training Practices in Competitive Adolescent Distance Runners: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

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