Zearalenone and its Derivatives: Known Toxins in New Aspects

Goliński, Piotr; Waśkiewicz, Agnieszka; Gromadzka, Karolina

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-00725-5_8

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Taking into account both the earlier literature and more recent literature (see above and also reviews by Kuiper-Goodman et al, 1987;FAO/WHO, 2000;Zinedine et al, 2007;Kanora and Maes, 2009;Golinski et al, 2010), the effects of zearalenone in female laboratory species such as mice, rats, guinea pigs and rabbits, illustrate its oestrogenic activity. They include decreases in fertility, reproductive tract alterations, increases in embryonic resorptions, reductions in litter size, changes in weight of adrenal, thyroid and pituitary glands, and changes in serum levels of progesterone and 17β-oestradiol.…”

Section: Conclusion On Femalesmentioning

confidence: 94%

Scientific Opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of zearalenone in food

2011

EFSA Journal

356

142

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Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium species. It is commonly found in maize but can be found also in other crops such as wheat, barley, sorghum and rye. The European Commission asked the European Food Safety Authority to review the safety of zearalenone and the risk to consumers of a possible increase of the maximum level (ML) for zearalenone in breakfast cereals. A total of 13,075 analytical results obtained on food samples and 9,877 results on unprocessed grains sampled by 19 European countries in 2005-2010 were used in the evaluation. The highest concentrations of zearalenone were reported for wheat bran, corn and products thereof (e.g. corn flour, cornflakes). Grains and grain-based foods, in particular grains and grain milling products, bread and fine bakery wares, made the largest contribution to the estimated zearalenone exposures. Vegetable oils also made an important contribution to the zearalenone exposure. The critical effects of zearalenone result from its oestrogenic activity. Based on recent data in the most sensitive animal species, the pig, and taking into account comparisons between pigs and humans, the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) for zearalenone of 0.25 μg/kg b.w. Estimates of chronic dietary exposure to zearalenone based on the available occurrence data are below or in the region of the TDI for all age groups and not a health concern. A potential increase in the ML for zearalenone in breakfast cereals from 50 µg/kg to 75, 100, 125 or 150 µg/kg is unlikely to result in a chronic dietary exposure exceeding the TDI. In a worst case scenario it is possible that an individual could consume the same batch of breakfast cereal containing zearalenone at the ML every day for 2 to 4 weeks, in which case exposures may exceed the TDI.

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Section: Conclusion On Femalesmentioning

confidence: 94%

Scientific Opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of zearalenone in food

2011

EFSA Journal

356

142

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“…They are ascribed carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, nephropathic, neurotoxic, and hepatogenic action, and some of them also exhibit estrogenic action Goli nski et al, 2010a). They are compounds of a diverse chemical structure, frequently being aromatic (sometimes aliphatic) hydrocarbons, typically characterized by low molecular weight, which determines their resistance to environmental factors and a lack of or weak immunogenic properties.…”

Section: Mycotoxins -Their Role and Importancementioning

confidence: 99%

MYCOTOXINS | Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Food

Waśkiewicz

2014

Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology

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“…Additionally, potency factors relating to the estrogenic activity of the metabolites were assigned to all the ZEN metabolites [ 3 ]. The main occurring ZEN metabolites include α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), zearalanone (ZAN), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL) and β-zearalanol (β-ZAL) [ 4 , 5 ]. Conjugated mycotoxins, often referred to as masked mycotoxins, are biologically modified phase II metabolites produced by plant biotransformations as a detoxification process [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlled Production of Zearalenone-Glucopyranoside Standards with Cunninghamella Strains Using Sulphate-Depleted Media

Peters

Ash

Gerssen

et al. 2021

Toxins

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In recent years, conjugated mycotoxins have gained increasing interest in food safety, as their hydrolysis in human and animal intestines leads to an increase in toxicity. For the production of zearalenone (ZEN) glycosides reference standards, we applied Cunninghamellaelegans and Cunninghamella echinulata fungal strains. A sulphate-depleted medium was designed for the preferred production of ZEN glycosides. Both Cunninghamella strains were able to produce zearalenone-14-β-D-glucopyranoside (Z14G), zearalenone-16-β-D-glucopyranoside (Z16G) and zearalenone-14-sulphate (Z14S). In a rich medium, Cunninghamellaelegans preferably produced Z14S, while Cunninghamellaechinulata preferably produced Z14G. In the sulphate-depleted medium a dramatic change was observed for Cunninghamellaelegans, showing preferred production of Z14G and Z16G. From 2 mg of ZEN in sulphate-depleted medium, 1.94 mg of Z14G and 0.45 mg of Z16G were produced. Following preparative Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) purification, both fractions were submitted to 1H and 13C NMR and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS). These analyses confirmed that the purified fractions were indeed Z14G and Z16G. In conclusion, the presented research shows that a single Cunninghamella strain can be an effective and efficient tool for the controlled biotransformation of ZEN glycosides and other ZEN metabolites. Additionally, the biotransformation method was extended to zearalanone, β-zearalenol and other mycotoxins.

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Zearalenone and its Derivatives: Known Toxins in New Aspects

Cited by 6 publications

References 62 publications

Scientific Opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of zearalenone in food

Scientific Opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of zearalenone in food

MYCOTOXINS | Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Food

Controlled Production of Zearalenone-Glucopyranoside Standards with Cunninghamella Strains Using Sulphate-Depleted Media

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