Zeaxanthin Formation and Energy-Dependent Fluorescence Quenching in Pea Chloroplasts under Artificially Mediated Linear and Cyclic Electron Transport

Gilmore, Adam M.; Yamamoto, Harry Y.

doi:10.1104/pp.96.2.635

Cited by 237 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…l), thus indicating that NADPH does not affect the lumen pH. As reported previously, DTT does not affect dpH [7] and does not reverse the preformed SV, in absence of NADPH [8,12]. Our results, aside from showing that NPQ depends on epoxidation-deepoxidation cycle activity, have other important and interesting implication.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 50%

“…We report that, after inhibiting deepoxidation in the light and without uncoupling, epoxidation of Zeax and Anth effectively reverses NPQ. [12]. Chloroplasts were isolated from Lactuca sutivcl L. cv Romaine and reaction preparation was as described previously [8] except the reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 7.4 and essentially fatty-acid free bovine serum albumin (Sigma) was added to yield a final albumin:Chl a+b ratio of 3O:l (w/w).…”

Section: Epoxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epoxidation of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin reverses non‐photochemical quenching of photosystem II chlorophyll a fluorescence in the presence of trans‐thylakoid ΔpH

1994

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The xanthophyll cycle apparently aids the photoprotection of photosystem II by regulating the nonradiative dissipation of excess absorbed light energy as heat. However, it is a controversial question whether the resulting nonphotochemical quenching is soley dependent on xanthophyll cycle activity or not. The xanthophyll cycle consists of two enzymic reactions, namely deepoxidation of the diepoxide violaxanthin to the epoxide-free zeaxanthin and the much slower, reverse process of epoxidation. While deepoxidation requires a transthylakoid pH gradient (dpH), epoxidation can proceed irrespective of a dpH. Herein, we compared the extent and kinetics of deepoxidation and epoxidation to the changes in fluorescence in the presence of a light-induced thylakoid dpH. We show that epoxidation reverses fluorescence quenching without affecting thylakoid dpH. These results suggest that epoxidase activity reverses quenching by removing deepoxidized xanthophyll cycle pigments from quenching complexes and converting them to a nonquenching form. The transmembrane organization of the xanthophyll cycle influences the localization and the availability of deepoxidized xanthophylls is to support nonphotochemical quenching capacity. The results confirm the view that rapidly reversible nonphotochemical quenching is dependent on deepoxidized xanthophyll.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 50%

Section: Epoxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epoxidation of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin reverses non‐photochemical quenching of photosystem II chlorophyll a fluorescence in the presence of trans‐thylakoid ΔpH

1994

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“…The pigments were extracted with 80% acetone and then separated and quantified by HPLC (33) and by fitting of the acetone extract with the spectra of individual pigments (34). No substantial differences were observed in Chlamydomonas cells grown heterotrophically at 6 µE m -2 s -1 (open triangles) or autotrophically at 100 µE m -1 s -2 (closed triangles) as in previous work (16,17).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 59%

Nonphotochemical Quenching of Chlorophyll Fluorescence inChlamydomonas reinhardtii

et al. 2006

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Unlike plants, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii shows a restricted ability to develop nonphotochemical quenching upon illumination. Most of this limited quenching is due to state transitions instead of ∆pH-driven high-energy state quenching, qE. The latter could only be observed when the ability of the cells to perform photosynthesis was impaired, either by lowering temperature to ∼0°C or in mutants lacking RubisCO activity. Two main features were identified that account for the low level of qE in Chlamydomonas. On one hand, the electrochemical proton gradient generated upon illumination is apparently not sufficient to promote fluorescence quenching. On the other hand, the capacity to transduce the presence of a ∆pH into a quenching response is also intrinsically decreased in this alga, when compared to plants. The possible mechanism leading to these differences is discussed.The absorption of light in excess of the capacity for photosynthetic electron transport is damaging to photosynthetic organisms (1). That capacity is, however, variable, depending mainly on the efficiency of CO 2 assimilation. For example, decreases in temperature lower the rate with which electrons can be transported within the electron transport chain as well as the capacity of metabolic processes to assimilate the reductant that has been photoproduced. In higher plants, the availability of CO 2 is liable to be limiting under conditions of water stress, due to the closure of stomata. This will again inhibit photosynthetic assimilation. Under such conditions, cells are likely to experience oxidative stress, due to the uncontrolled formation of reactive oxygen species associated with the absorption of light by chlorophyll.Under conditions of excess light, a variety of mechanisms are initiated which protect chloroplasts from damage. In higher plants, a number of processes have been identified, primarily through application of measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence yield. These are all associated with photosystem (PS) 1 II and are collectively referred to as nonphotochemical quenching mechanisms (NPQ; 1). However, this term comprises at least three processes: (i) qI, mainly related to photoinhibition, a slowly reversible damage to PSII reaction centers (2, 3), although data suggest that a zeaxanthindependent quenching might contribute substantially to this process (4, 5), (ii) qT, state transitions, a change in the relative antenna sizes of PSII and PSI, due to the reversible phosphorylation and migration of antenna proteins (LHCII) (6), and (iii) qE, also termed "high-energy state quenching", a form of quenching associated with the development of a low pH in the thylakoid lumen (e.g., ref 7).High-energy state quenching is largely thought to be associated with an increase in thermal dissipation within the light-harvesting apparatus (1,8,9), associated with the generation of a ∆pH (7, 10) and with the formation of zeaxanthin via deepoxidation of violaxanthin (11). However, in vitro at least, this term also encompasses acidic pHinduced proc...

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“…The NPQ increased upon drought stress (RWC of 30-80%) and waterlogging stress (RWC of 80-95%) (Fig. 3B), indicating that PSII can dissipate heat to protect the photosynthetic apparatus from damage when the RWC is 30-95% (Gilmore and Yamamoto 1991). The NPQ decreased and the F 0 increased when the RWC was lesser than 25% (Fig.…”

Section: Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parametersmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The minimum fluorescence of the darkadapted state (F0) and the maximum fluorescence of the dark-adapted state (F m ) were determined after the leaf samples were dark-adapted for 1 h. Then the steady-state fluorescence (F s ) and the maximum fluorescence yield (F m ') were determined in response to 1 h of natural light. The maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (F v /F m ), the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Φ PSII ), and the nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) were calculated according to the formula (Genty et al 1989, Gilmore andYamamoto 1991).…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of soil water availability on photosynthesis in Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosus in a sand habitat formed from seashells: Comparison of four models

Xia¹,

Zhang²,

Wang³

et al. 2014

Photosynt.

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The photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were studied in Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosus under different soil water gradients obtained by irrigation and natural water consumption. We used the rectangular hyperbola model, the nonrectangular hyperbola model, the exponential model, and the modified rectangular hyperbola model to fit our data and evaluate them quantitatively. Based on the relationship among the parameters, the effects of the availability of soil water on photosynthesis were elucidated. The results showed that: (1) The relationship between water content and photosynthetic parameters were fitted best by the modified rectangular hyperbola model, followed by the nonrectangular hyperbola model, the exponential model, and the rectangular hyperbola model. The modified rectangular hyperbola model fitted best the maximum net photosynthetic rate (PNmax) and the light-saturation point (LSP), while the nonrectangular hyperbola model fitted best the dark respiration rate (R D ), the apparent quantum yield (AQY), and the light-compensation point (LCP). (2) The main reason for the net photosynthetic rate (P N ) decline was that it reached a stomatal limit when the soil relative water content (RWC) was greater than 25% and it reached a nonstomatal limit when the RWC was lesser than 25%. Under these conditions, the photosynthetic apparatus of Z. jujuba was irreversibly damaged. (3) P max , R D , AQY, and LSP increased first and then decreased, while LCP increased contrary to the RWC. The P N light-response parameters reached optimum when the RWC was 56-73%. (4) The quantum yield of PSII photochemistry reached a maximum when RWC was 80%. Nonphotochemical quenching decreased rapidly, and the minimum fluorescence in the dark-adapted state increased rapidly when RWC was lesser than 25%. Under these conditions, PSII was irreversibly damaged. (5) The RWC range of 11-25% resulted in low productivity and low water use efficiency (WUE). The RWC range of 25-56% resulted in moderate productivity and moderate WUE, and the RWC range of 56-80% resulted in high productivity and high WUE. The RWC range of 80-95% resulted in moderate productivity and low WUE. In summary, photosynthesis of Z. jujuba was physiologically adaptable in response to water stress in sand formed from seashells. The photosynthetic and physiological activity was maintained relatively high when the RWC was between 56 and 80%; Z. jujuba seedlings grew well under these conditions. Additional key words: chlorophyll fluorescence, light-response model; photosynthetic productivity; relative water content. ---Received 5 October 2013, accepted 11 March 2014. +Corresponding author; fax:+865388249164, e-mail: zhsy@sdau.edu.cn Abbreviations: AQY -apparent quantum yield; Ci -intercellular CO2 concentration; E -transpiration rate; EM -exponential model FC -field capacity; Fm -maximum fluorescence of the dark-adapted state; Fm' -maximuml fluorescence yield; F0 -minimum fluorescence yield of the dark-adapted state; Fs -steady-state fluorescence; Fv/Fm...

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Zeaxanthin Formation and Energy-Dependent Fluorescence Quenching in Pea Chloroplasts under Artificially Mediated Linear and Cyclic Electron Transport

Cited by 237 publications

References 33 publications

Epoxidation of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin reverses non‐photochemical quenching of photosystem II chlorophyll a fluorescence in the presence of trans‐thylakoid ΔpH

Epoxidation of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin reverses non‐photochemical quenching of photosystem II chlorophyll a fluorescence in the presence of trans‐thylakoid ΔpH

Nonphotochemical Quenching of Chlorophyll Fluorescence inChlamydomonas reinhardtii

Effect of soil water availability on photosynthesis in Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosus in a sand habitat formed from seashells: Comparison of four models

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