“…These nanoparticles find applications in personal care and cosmetics [2], particularly in topical sunscreens [3], as well as in water treatment processes [4] and as effective antibacterial agents [5]. Moreover, their exceptional brightness makes them valuable as white pigments in paints [6], printing inks [7], pharmaceuticals, and additives [8]. Of all the properties exhibited by titanium nanoparticles, their potent catalytic activity stands out as particularly intriguing, resulting in extensive utilization of TiO 2 powder across various industrial sectors [9].…”