Zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 reinforced hollow‐fiber liquid‐phase microextraction of free urinary biomarkers of whole grain intake followed by CE analysis

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks are a class of metal-organic frameworks that are topologically isomorphic with zeolites. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks are composed of tetrahedrally coordinated metal ions connected by imidazolate linkers and have a high porosity and chemical stability. Here, we summarize the progress made in the application of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks in sample preparation for analytical purposes. This review is focused on analytical methods based on liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, or capillary electrophoresis, where the use of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks has contributed to increasing the sensitivity and selectivity of the method. While bulk zeolitic imidazolate frameworks have been directly used in analytical sample preparation protocols, a variety of strategies for their magnetization or their incorporation into sorbent particles, monoliths, fibers, stir bars, or thin films, have been developed. These modifications have facilitated the handling and application of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks for a number of analytical sample treatments including magnetic solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, or thin film microextraction, among other techniques.

Section: Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks in analytical sample preparation

Rodas

Fikarová

Pasanen

et al. 2021

“…Since the sample and the acceptor phase are isolated by the SLM, macromolecules in biological samples could hardly enter the acceptor, thus, SLM-LPME displays excellent purification capability [5]. Owing to its impressive extraction efficiency, excellent sample purification capabilities, and noteworthy enrichment capacity, SLM-LPME has been extensively applied for the extraction of both acidic and basic compounds from diverse biological samples such as blood, urine, and fish [6][7][8][9]. Electromembrane extraction (EME) as another microextraction technique was formulated by integrating electrophoresis concepts into the foundation of SLM-LPME by Pedersen-Bjergaard and Rasmussen in 2006 [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the applicability of electromembrane extraction and liquid‐phase microextraction for extraction of non‐polar basic drugs from different biological samples: Using clozapine as the model analyte

Xiong,

Tian,

Shen

et al. 2024

Understanding and comparing the applicability of electromembrane extraction (EME) and liquid‐phase microextraction (LPME) is crucial for selecting an appropriate microextraction approach. In this work, EME and LPME based on supported liquid membranes were compared using biological samples, including whole blood, urine, saliva, and liver tissue. After optimization, efficient EME and LPME of clozapine from four biological samples were achieved. EME provided higher recovery and faster mass transfer for blood and liver tissue than LPME. These advantages were attributed to the electric field disrupting clozapine binding to interfering substances. For urine and saliva, EME demonstrated similar recoveries while achieving faster mass transfer rates. Finally, efficient EME and LPME were validated and evaluated combined with liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). The coefficient of determination of all methods was greater than 0.999, and all methods showed acceptable reproducibility (≤14%), accuracy (90%–110%), and matrix effect (85%–112%). For liver and blood with high viscosity and complex matrices, EME‐LC‐MS/MS provided better sensitivity than LPME‐LC‐MS/MS. The above results indicated that both EME and LPME could be used to isolate non‐polar basic drugs from different biological samples, although EME demonstrated higher recovery rates for liver tissue and blood.

“…The feasibility of the novel approach was tested with wheat and quinoa samples. The use of hyphenated techniques such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) allowed the simultaneous separation, identification, and sensitive determination of analytes [7,[22][23][24][25]. Therefore, fractions were silylated and analyzed by GC/MS to gain new insights into the ∑AR pattern of wheat and quinoa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silver ion chromatography enables the separation of 2‐methylalkylresorcinols from alkylresorcinols

Hammerschick,

Vetter

2023

Alkylresorcinols (∑ARs) is the generic term for a highly varied class of lipids found mainly in cereals. These bioactive compounds consist mainly of 5‐alkylresorcinols (ARs), which differ in length, unsaturation, and substituents on the alkyl side chain on C‐5. In addition, 2‐methyl‐5‐alkylresorcinols (mARs) are scarcely studied minor compounds that are supposed to exist with the same structural diversity. In the first step, ∑ARs were enriched by solid‐phase extraction from wheat grain and quinoa seed extracts. The subsequent application of silver ion chromatography (SIC), silica gel, coated with 20% AgNO3, then deactivated with 1% water) enabled an unprecedented full separation of saturated mARs from conventional ARs. Specifically, saturated mARs were eluted with n‐hexane/ethyl acetate (92:8, v/v), and conventional ARs with n‐hexane/ethyl acetate (80:20, v/v). The unpreceded separation indicated that the SIC method could be useful not only for separations according to the degree of unsaturation, but also in the case of steric hindrance by additional (alkyl) substituents. Continued fractionation enabled the collection of unsaturated ARs in wheat and quinoa extracts. In this way, 35 ∑ARs (including five mARs) were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis in wheat and 45 ∑ARs (including 21 mARs) in quinoa. These included several low abundant and partly unknown ∑ARs such as 1,3‐dihydroxy‐5‐tricosadienylbenzene.