Zero boil-off methods for large-scale liquid hydrogen tanks using integrated refrigeration and storage

Notardonato, William; Swanger, Adam; Fesmire, James E.; Jumper, K M; Johnson, Wesley L.; Tomsik, Thomas M.

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/278/1/012012

Cited by 26 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Hence, a 125,000-liter tank can hold as much as 8850 kg. Using the heat leak of 300W [15], the tank loses about 62 kg per day, or 0.7%/day (in line with estimates from the LLNL). This amounts to at least $300 in lost value every day.…”

Section: Zero-boiloff Lh2 Storagesupporting

confidence: 64%

“…Notardando et al [15] have shown a schematic of a zeroboiloff LH2 storage vessel. The mention of the water chiller having a cooling capacity of 96 kW thermal is a clue to the electric consumption of the hydrogen recondensing system.…”

Section: Zero-boiloff Lh2 Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The application in this source was at a lower temperature, so the cooling power was lower. In Notardando et al [15], the refrigerator rated capacities of 880 W and 390 W were reported at 20 K, with and without and LN2 pre-cooling respectively, and employs independent instrumentation and command and control. The cycle is driven by an RSX helium compressor.…”

Section: Zero-boiloff Lh2 Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Thermoacoustic Applications Using Waste Heat to Reduce Carbon Footprint

Spoor¹,

Prabhudharwadkar

Somu

et al. 2021

Volume 4: Controls, Diagnostics, and Instrumentation; Cycle Innovations; Cycle Innovations: Energy Storage; Education; Electric

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Thermoacoustics (TA) engines and refrigerators typically run on the Stirling cycle with acoustic networks and resonators replacing the physical pistons. Without moving parts, these TA machines achieve a reasonable fraction of Carnot’s efficiency. They are also scalable, from fractions of a Watt up to kW of cooling. Despite their apparent promise, TA devices are not in widespread use, because outside of a few niche applications, their advantages are not quite compelling enough to dislodge established technology. In the present study, the authors have evaluated a selected group of applications that appear suitable for utilization of industrial waste heat using TA devices and have arrived at a ranked order. The principal thought is to appraise whether thermoacoustics can be a viable path, from both an economic and energy standpoint, for carbon mitigation in those applications. The applications considered include cryogenic carbon capture for power plant exhaust gases, waste-heat powered air conditioning/water chilling for factories and office buildings, hydrogen liquefaction, and zero-boiloff liquid hydrogen (LH2) storage. Although the criteria used for evaluating the applications are somewhat subjective, the overall approach has been consistent, with the same set of criteria applied to each of them. Thermoeconomic analysis is performed to evaluate the system viability, together with overall consideration of a thermoacoustic device’s general nature, advantages, and limitations. Our study convincingly demonstrates that the most promising application is zero-boiloff liquid hydrogen storage, which is physically well-suited to thermoacoustic refrigeration and requires cooling at a temperature and magnitude not ideal for standard refrigeration methods. Waste-heat powered air conditioning ranks next in its potential to be a viable commercial application. The rest of the applications have been found to have relatively lower potentials to enter the existing commercial space.

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Section: Zero-boiloff Lh2 Storagesupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Zero-boiloff Lh2 Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Zero-boiloff Lh2 Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Thermoacoustic Applications Using Waste Heat to Reduce Carbon Footprint

Spoor¹,

Prabhudharwadkar

Somu

et al. 2021

Volume 4: Controls, Diagnostics, and Instrumentation; Cycle Innovations; Cycle Innovations: Energy Storage; Education; Electric

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…They showed that to achieve zero-boil off losses in the liquid hydrogen tank, the heat exchanger had to be switched on and off at time intervals of roughly equal length. 78 The automotive industry has also experimented with liquid hydrogen; two types of hydrogen powered cars with liquid hydrogen storage have made it to the market, one being the GM HydroGen3 which is equipped with a 4.6 kg cryogenic hydrogen tank, 79 and the other being the BMW hydrogen 7, which has a dual fuel (gasoline-hydrogen) engine and is equipped with a 170 L hydrogen tank which is reported to store around 8 kg of liquid hydrogen. 80 Liquid hydrogen did not prove to be the best storage method in the automotive industry, one reason being the large energy requirements for liquefaction, the other being the boil-off.…”

Section: Liquid Hydrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A lot of research on the use and storage of liquid hydrogen found today is still based on the aerospace industry. 78,[204][205][206][207] The largest problem with liquid hydrogen fuelling processes is the low temperature at which the fuelling process has to take place and the subsequent evaporation of liquid hydrogen. Specific insulation materials are required for the tank materials to keep the heat flux into the tank as low as possible.…”

Section: Bunkering Ease and On-board Usementioning

confidence: 99%