Zero-Forcing Beamforming for Active and Passive Eavesdropper Mitigation in Visible Light Communication Systems

Cho, Sunghwan; Chen, Gaojie; Coon, Justin P.

doi:10.1109/tifs.2020.3036806

Cited by 34 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Our recent work [13] proposed an enhanced ZF beamforming scheme to mitigate the weakness from the presence of active and passive eavesdroppers; however, it cannot entirely eliminate the dashed area in which the eavesdroppers can achieve higher SNR.…”

Section: Beamformingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, motivated by the PLS schemes of the RF systems, numerous variants of PLS techniques securing indoor VLC systems were also proposed, such as zero-forcing, robust beamforming, artificial jamming, and light emitting diode (LED) selection, generalized space shift keying (GSSK) modulation, etc. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Yet many intrinsic characteristics of VLC systems are different from RF systems (e.g., the channel, physical properties of the transmitting and receiving devices, and the signal constraints).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Challenges in Physical Layer Security for Visible Light Communication Systems

Cho

Chen

Coon

et al. 2022

Network

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This article highlights challenges associated with securing visible light communication (VLC) systems by using physical layer security (PLS) techniques. Motivated by the achievements in PLS studies for radio frequency (RF) communication, many PLS techniques for VLC systems were also rigorously investigated by tailoring the RF techniques to the VLC environment. However, careful consideration of the inherent differences between RF and VLC systems is still needed. By disregarding these differences, an eavesdropper could be given an opportunity to wiretap the VLC systems, even when PLS techniques are employed to protect them. Crucially, the fact that it is often not possible to know the number and locations of eavesdroppers in real VLC systems may allow eavesdroppers to devise various cooperative eavesdropping methods. By examining a few examples of the possible eavesdropper threats that can occur in VLC systems, this article offers novel insights into the vulnerabilities of state-of-the-art PLS schemes for VLC systems. Although the focus of the paper is mostly on these weaknesses, some potential solutions are also briefly proposed with a view to stimulating discourse in the community.

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Section: Beamformingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in Physical Layer Security for Visible Light Communication Systems

Cho

Chen

Coon

et al. 2022

Network

Self Cite

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“…On the other hand, PLS techniques have been a huge success in improving the security of RF communication networks [164]- [166], and has therefore recently been considered for VLC systems. An in-depth survey of earlier works on PLS-VLC can be found in [161], [167] and the most recent studies in [44], [168]- [175].…”

Section: B Physical Layer Security and Rismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PLS techniques for Fig. 31 (A) has been studied in [161], [167]- [175] and, hence, is not considered in this survey. On the contrary, there has been no research on exploiting the model in Fig.…”

Section: B Physical Layer Security and Rismentioning

confidence: 99%

RIS-Assisted Visible Light Communication Systems: A Tutorial

Aboagye¹,

Ndjiongue²,

Ngatched³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Recent intensive and extensive development of the fifth-generation (5G) of cellular networks has led to their deployment throughout much of the world. As part of this implementation, one of the challenges that must be addressed is the skip-zone problem, which occurs when objects such as trees, people, animals, and vehicles obstruct the transmission of signals.In free-space optical (FSO) and radio frequency (RF) systems, dead zones are most often caused by buildings and trees, while in visible light communications (VLC), obstructions are caused by individuals moving around a room or objects placed in the room. A signal obstruction can significantly reduce the signal-to-noise ratio in RF and indoor VLC systems, whereas in FSO systems, where the transmitted signals are directional, the obstruction can completely disrupt data transmission. Therefore, the skipzone dilemma must be resolved to ensure the smooth and efficient operation of 5G and beyond networks. By placing a relay between a transmitter and a receiver, the effects of obstacles can be mitigated. As a result, the signal from the transmitter will reach the receiver. In recent years, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) that are more efficient than relays have become widely accepted as a method of mitigating skip-zones and providing reconfigurable radio environments. However, there have been limited studies on RISs for optical wireless communication (OWC) systems. Through the RIS technology, OWC and RF communication channels can be reconfigured. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive tutorial on indoor VLC systems utilizing RIS technology. The article discusses the basics of VLC and RISs and reintroduces RISs for OWC systems, focusing on RIS-assisted indoor VLC systems. We also provide a comprehensive overview of optical RISs and examine the differences between optical RISs, RF-RISs, and optical relays. Furthermore, we discuss in detail how RISs can be used to overcome line-of-sight blockages and the device orientation issue in VLC systems while revealing key challenges such as RIS element orientation design, RIS elements to access point/user assignment design, and RIS array positioning design problems that need to be studied. Moreover, we discuss and propose several research problems on integrating optical RISs with other emerging technologies, including non-orthogonal multiple access, multiple-input multiple-output systems, physical layer security, and simultaneous lightwave and power transfer in VLC systems. Finally, we highlight other important research directions that can further improve the performance of RISassisted VLC systems.

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“…Quantum mechanics can be used to calculate the probability distribution, such as projection-valued measurement and Hilbert space formulation [26]. A single photon with polarization directions, i.e., 0, + 90, + 45, and − 45, can be encoded in non-orthogonal quantum states, which cannot be easily read or copied by an eavesdropper [27,28] in a transmission channel. Moreover, the eavesdropper cannot gain partial information from the quantum-based encrypted messages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intelligent Symmetric Cryptography With Chaotic Map and Quantum Based Key Generator for Medical Images Infosecurity

Lin¹,

Chen

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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Medical images can be constructed in two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) view imaging to be applied in disease detection and diagnosis inside the body, such as cancer/tumor, heart, or lung-related diseases. These images may contain patients' privacy information and clinical diagnosis records. Hence, these images need to ensure authorization demands among hospitals, medical service organizations, or physicians in a picture archiving and communication system. This study presents an intelligent symmetric cryptography with a chaotic map and quantum-based key generator (KG) for medical image encryption and decryption. Overall scheme processes include (1) random cipher code generation, (2) training gray relational analysis (GRA)-based encryptor and decryptor, and (3) decrypted image evaluation. The hybrid chaotic map and quantum-based KG are used to increase the chaotic complexity and unpredictable levels to produce cipher codes for changing pixel values (substitution method) in a 2D image by 256 key-space cipher codes. The first and second GRA models are used to train the cipher codes to achieve an encryptor and a decryptor, respectively. Through the methodology validation using a chest X-ray database, the structural similarity index measurement is employed to evaluate the decryption quality between the plain image and decrypted image. The encrypted images show a visual uncorrelation with the plain images, and experimental results indicate higher confidences against the passive eavesdropper.

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Zero-Forcing Beamforming for Active and Passive Eavesdropper Mitigation in Visible Light Communication Systems

Cited by 34 publications

References 22 publications

Challenges in Physical Layer Security for Visible Light Communication Systems

Challenges in Physical Layer Security for Visible Light Communication Systems

RIS-Assisted Visible Light Communication Systems: A Tutorial

Intelligent Symmetric Cryptography With Chaotic Map and Quantum Based Key Generator for Medical Images Infosecurity

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