Zheng Liping’s Art and His Person

Regional Perspective: Obligations under EU Law as Applicable to Naturally Occurring CBRN Events

“…6 The role of these actors is, thus, really important in the preparedness and response phases, where the sharing of knowledge and capacities between governments, NGO s and local communities play an essential role in anticipating, responding to and recovering from the impacts of likely, imminent or current disasters. 7 NGO s, in particular, play a crucial role in disaster settings, since they are closer than government to the affected communities; as a consequence, if States are lacking resources on their own, they may rely on them to provide essential services or to provide assistance to the victims of disasters.8 In these situations, States have the duty to oversee and supervise NGO s and they can be Review of Environment and Resources, 1 (37) 341-363; Y Osa, 'The growing role of NGO s in disaster relief and humanitarian assistance in East Asia' , in R Sukma and J Gannon (eds), A Growing Force: Civil Society's Role in Asian Regional Security (Brookings Institution Press 2013) 66-89; S Jones, K Oven, B Manyena. and K Aryal, 'Governance struggles and policy processes in disaster risk reduction: a case study from Nepal' , (2014) Geoforum (57) 78-90; L Lane and M Hesselman, 'Governing disasters: embracing human rights law and governance in a multilevel, multi-actor disaster governance landscape' , (2017) Governance and Politics 2(5) 93-104.…”

“…Among them, Resolution 1540 (2004)35 encourages States to take effective measures to prevent the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons by promoting international cooperation36 and enhancing 'coordination of efforts on national, sub-regional, regional and international levels' (emphasis added). 37 The 'Plan of Action' annexed to the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy of 200638 reaffirms that, among the measures necessary to prevent and combat terrorism, cooperation39 and inter-agency coordination40 mechanisms have a significant role. Even in those cases, the 31 SFDRR (n 3) paras 27(g) and 48.…”

“…The Directive imposes a duty on Member States to take measures to ensure that the provision of instructions on the making or use of explosives, firearms or other weapons or noxious or hazardous substances is punishable as a criminal offence when committed intentionally.38 Indeed, the classification of activities that must be prevented as criminal acts in the domestic legal systems and the provision of appropriate penalties is a necessary precondition for the elaboration of preventive measures.39 More broadly, besides being relevant within the criminal law domain, criminalising and punishing these offences also allows the Member States to fully comply with their obligations related to the chemical field. Indeed, following the 2018 Salisbury attacks, as requested by the European Council,40 the Commission focused especially on chemical threats by stepping up its actions against 37 For insights on the management of nuclear devices, see ch 15 by Balboni. 38 Ibid arts 5-8.…”

“…International law regulates the issue of nuclear accidents through a threepronged perspective: nuclear safety and security; emergency preparedness and response; and liability for nuclear damage.34 Our analysis will only focus on the first perspective and solely on those nuclear safety norms aimed at preventing nuclear accidents of a non-malicious origin.35 Nuclear safety relates to all those measures aimed at preventing an accident with radiological consequences and at mitigating such consequences should they occur.36 In this endeavour, two conventions focusing on the prevention of nuclear accidents are in force: the 1994 Convention on Nuclear Safety and the 1997 Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management. 37 One of the objectives of the Convention on Nuclear Safety is 'to prevent accidents with radiological consequences and to mitigate such consequences should they occur' .38 Its scope encompasses the safety of 'nuclear installations' defined as any land-based civil nuclear power plant under a contracting party's jurisdiction, including such storage, handling and treatment facilities for radioactive materials as are on the same site and are directly related to the operation of the nuclear power plant. 39 The core substantive prevention obligations are contained in Articles 4 to 19 and encompass the adoption and implementation of a legislative and Ibid, art 2 i).…”

The protection of migrants under international humanitarian law

“…212 Underpinning all obligations is the right to respect for family life, which is recognized as a rule of customary IHL. 213 Among the pertinent rules, parties must take all appropriate steps to facilitate the reunion of families temporarily separated, including through the identification of children, the establishment of information bureaux and the use of the Central Tracing Agency.…”