Zika Virus: A Systematic Review of Teratogenesis, Congenital Anomalies, and Child Mortality

Abstract

Zika virus infection (ZIKV) was one of the most catastrophic epidemics. ZIKV in nonpregnant women is mild and sometimes asymptomatic. However, infection during pregnancy leads to congenital malformations in the fetus, while maternal signs of infection are preceded by a rash. The maternal-fetal infection begins with a rash that occurs early during pregnancy. The most severe pathologies were related to the first trimester of gestation, including microcephaly, musculoskeletal, genitourinary, craniofacial, ocular, and pulmonary manifestations. The prognosis may not be encouraging. Herd immunity increases CD8 + (cytotoxic Tlymphocytes) earlier and decreases in the resolution phase. However, CD4 + (T-helper cells) remains higher after infection. Recent ongoing vaccine development shows good immunity, control of the vector (Aedes mosquitoes), and treatment. ZIKV, anomalies, mortality, herd immunity, and vaccine were our main keywords. This systematic review demonstrates the teratogenesis of ZIKV in children, congenital anomalies, mortality, and a view of the future and behavior of ZIKV.

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

“…Additionally, as shown by the COVID-19 pandemic, 8 , 9 emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases are becoming an increasing global concern. For example, vector-borne viruses such as Zika virus, 10 Japanese encephalitis virus, 11 and West Nile virus 12 are increasing their geographical spread owing to climate change and constitute a notable global public health threat. These infections, often targeting the nervous system directly, cause both mortality and neurological morbidity, with an especially high burden in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs).…”

Diagnostic work‐up in malformations of cortical development

“…39,40 More than 3500 children were born with profound microcephaly after congenital Zika virus infection. Guerrero et al 41 recently published a systematic review on teratogenesis, congenital anomalies, and child mortality after congenital Zika virus infection. The most severe brain malformations are related to infections during the first trimester of gestation, including profound microcephaly, hydrocephalus, almost complete agyria, holoprosencephaly, and multiple calcifications in the cortex and subcortical white matter.…”

“…More than 3500 children were born with profound microcephaly after congenital Zika virus infection. Guerrero et al 41 . recently published a systematic review on teratogenesis, congenital anomalies, and child mortality after congenital Zika virus infection.…”

Enfermedades infecciosas emergentes y reemergentes en los últimos 40 años

“…18,19 El virus de ARN pertenece al género Flavivirus de la familia Flaviviridae, descubierto en monos en 1947 en África y endémico en regiones de ese continente, pero con una progresiva expansión al sur y sureste de Asia hasta la polinesia francesa. 20,21 En América, en 2015, año de la emergencia del Zika, la OPS informó 19,607 casos confirmados. 21,22 A la infección se le asoció el Síndrome de Guillain Barré y centenares de recién nacidos con microcefalia, cuyas madres adquirieron el virus durante el embarazo, especialmente en Brasil, pero también en Honduras.…”

“…21,22 A la infección se le asoció el Síndrome de Guillain Barré y centenares de recién nacidos con microcefalia, cuyas madres adquirieron el virus durante el embarazo, especialmente en Brasil, pero también en Honduras. 20,22 Durante los años 2014-2016 se dio un inesperado brote de ébola en África Occidental, el cual ha sido calificado como el más extenso desde que se descubrió este virus en 1976, pues se dieron 28,652 infecciones humanas con 11,325 fallecimientos, cifra muy superior a todos los brotes sumados de años previos en el continente africano. [23][24][25] Este fue seguido de casos aislados importados en Europa y Estados Unidos de América, lo que activó las alarmas en el hemisferio norte.…”