Zika Virus (ZIKV): A New Perspective on the Nanomechanical and Structural Properties

Dorneles, Maria Luiza de Araujo; Cardoso-Lima, Ruana; Souza, Pedro Filho Noronha; Rosa, Daniela Santoro; Magne, Tais Monteiro; Santos-Oliveira, Ralph; Alencar, Luciana Magalhães Rebêlo

doi:10.3390/v14081727

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Each differentiated cell type was infected with a hybrid adenovirusretrotransposon virus containing a human L1 element with an EGFP reporter cassette [2,3,31,[74][75][76]. This model was then confirmed by tests performed on the Zika virus (ZIKV), notorious for its ability to enter the host cell by integrating with the host DNA [77][78][79][80].…”

Section: Pluripotent Multipotent and Progenitor Stem Cells Contaminat...mentioning

confidence: 91%

The Long Covid-19 Syndrome the Spike Protein and Stem Cells, the Underrated Role of Retrotransposons, a Working Hypothesis

Balzanelli,

Distratis,

Lazzaro

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) was seen as a respiratory disease, however, an increasing number of reports indicated that the spike protein could also be the cause of the long-term post-infectious conditions known as Long-COVID characterized by a group of unresponsive idiopathic severe neuro, cardio-vascular disorders, including strokes, cardiopathies, neuralgias, fibromyalgia, and Parkinson's like-disease. Different lines of pieces of evidence confirmed that the spike protein that can be found on the surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virus latches onto angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors located on target cells. The RNA genome of coronaviruses, which, has a median length of 29 kb and is the longest among all RNA viruses, is comprised of six to ten open reading frames (ORFs) that are responsible for encoding both the replicase and structural proteins for the virus. Each of the components of the viral genome is packaged into a helical nucleocapsid that is surrounded by a lipid bilayer. The viral envelope of coronaviruses is typically made up of three proteins that include the membrane protein (M), the envelope protein (E), and the spike protein (S). The spike protein not only facilitates the virus entry into healthy cells, which is the first step in infection but also promote profound damage to different organs and tissues leading to severe impairments and long-term disabilities. Here, we discussed the pervasive mechanism that spikes mRNA adopted to alter multipotent and pluripotent stem cell (SCs) genomes and the acquired disability of generating an infinite number of affected clonal cells. This stance is based on the molecular and evolutionary aspects obtained from retrotransposons-retrotransposition in mammalians and humans that documented the frequent integration of mRNA molecules into genomes and thus into DNA. Retrotransposition is the molecular process in which transcribed and spliced mRNAs are accidentally reverse-transcribed and inserted into new genomic positions to form a retrogene. Sequence-specific traits of mRNA clearly showed long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) to confirm the retrotransposition, considered the most abundant autonomously active retrotransposons in the human genome. In mammals, L1 retrotransposons drive retrotransposition and are composed of long terminal repeats (LTRs) and non-LTR retrotransposons (mainly long interspersed nuclear elements or LINEs); specifically, the LTR-mediated retrocopies are immediately cotranscribed with their flanking LTR retrotransposons. In response to retrotransposons transposition, stem cells (SCs) employ a number of silencing mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modification. This manuscript theorizes the expression patterns, functions, and regulation of mRNA Spike protein imprinted by SCs retrotransposons which generate unlimited lines of affected cell progenies and tissues as the main condition of untreatable Spike-related inflammatory conditions.

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Section: Pluripotent Multipotent and Progenitor Stem Cells Contaminat...mentioning

confidence: 91%

The Long Covid-19 Syndrome the Spike Protein and Stem Cells, the Underrated Role of Retrotransposons, a Working Hypothesis

Balzanelli,

Distratis,

Lazzaro

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…These parameters, characterizing the flexibility and elasticity of a DNA molecule, can be obtained by stretching a single molecule with OT and fitting the force–extension curve with a theoretical model. Experimentally, one end of DNA can be attached to a fixed microscopic bead or anchored to a cover glass, while the other end is attached to an optically trapped bead, as shown in Figure 7 c [ 179 , 180 ]. Pulling the trapped bead connected with one end of DNA with OT, we can stretch the polymer, measuring the corresponding stretching force.…”

Section: Recent Examples Of Elastic Properties Addressed On Soft Matt...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Soft Matter Nanomechanics by Atomic Force Microscopy and Optical Tweezers: A Comprehensive Review

Magazzù

Marcuello

2023

Nanomaterials

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Soft matter exhibits a multitude of intrinsic physico-chemical attributes. Their mechanical properties are crucial characteristics to define their performance. In this context, the rigidity of these systems under exerted load forces is covered by the field of biomechanics. Moreover, cellular transduction processes which are involved in health and disease conditions are significantly affected by exogenous biomechanical actions. In this framework, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical tweezers (OT) can play an important role to determine the biomechanical parameters of the investigated systems at the single-molecule level. This review aims to fully comprehend the interplay between mechanical forces and soft matter systems. In particular, we outline the capabilities of AFM and OT compared to other classical bulk techniques to determine nanomechanical parameters such as Young’s modulus. We also provide some recent examples of nanomechanical measurements performed using AFM and OT in hydrogels, biopolymers and cellular systems, among others. We expect the present manuscript will aid potential readers and stakeholders to fully understand the potential applications of AFM and OT to soft matter systems.

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“…Even for viral particles of the same classification, ZIKV and CHIKV, which are Flaviviruses, the mechanical signatures are quite different, requiring care when adjusting the analysis methodology for each sample. For more details on the analyses, the authors recommend reading the references (Cardoso-Lima et al 2021;Cardoso-Lima et al 2022;de Araujo Dorneles et al 2022). Another important factor to be observed when choosing the sensor probe is the radius of the tip.…”

Section: Shape and Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Physical virology: how physics is enabling a better understanding of recent viral invaders

et al. 2023

Self Cite

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Zika Virus (ZIKV): A New Perspective on the Nanomechanical and Structural Properties

Cited by 8 publications

References 48 publications

The Long Covid-19 Syndrome the Spike Protein and Stem Cells, the Underrated Role of Retrotransposons, a Working Hypothesis

The Long Covid-19 Syndrome the Spike Protein and Stem Cells, the Underrated Role of Retrotransposons, a Working Hypothesis

Investigation of Soft Matter Nanomechanics by Atomic Force Microscopy and Optical Tweezers: A Comprehensive Review

Physical virology: how physics is enabling a better understanding of recent viral invaders

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