Zinc and iron status and growth in healthy infants

Bouglé, Dominique; Laroche, D.; Bureau, F.

doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601087

Cited by 24 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…For example, the predicted serum ferritin concentration of a healthy 22-month-old, nonCaucasian boy with a birth weight of 2500 g, and weightfor-age at the 98th percentile is 7 mg/l, compared with 27 mg/l for a healthy 9-month-old Caucasian girl with a birth weight of 3600 g and weight-for-age at the 25th percentile. These results are not surprising, and are consistent with those of other studies (Emond et al, 1996;Karr et al, 1996;Wharf et al, 1997;Sherriff et al, 1999;Bougle et al, 2000;Male et al, 2001). Rapidly growing infants/toddlers rely on body iron stores to meet their high iron requirements for growth during early infancy (Michaelsen et al, 1995;Sherriff et al, 1999;Male et al, 2001), and these stores are very small for low birth weight infants (Dallman, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Also, future changes in dietary patterns in New Zealand, especially across subgroups in the population, will change the risk profile observed. Nevertheless, the New Zealand health profession should be made aware of these current predisposing risk factors, given their consistency with other studies (Emond et al, 1996;Wharf et al, 1997;OtiBoateng et al, 1998;Persson et al, 1998;Sherriff et al, 1999;Bougle et al, 2000;Male et al, 2001), the potential negative functional outcomes of iron deficiency and the ease with which they can be assessed. The additional questions regarding the average quantity of cows' milk consumed per day and whether their child is currently iron-fortified formula fed are also recommended to refine this risk assessment process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Among young Australian and European Union children, prematurity, age, sex, ethnicity, growth rate, household socioeconomic status, maternal education levels and intakes of cows' milk and iron-fortified foods have been associated with iron status (Michaelsen et al, 1995;Emond et al, 1996;Wharf et al, 1997;Freeman et al, 1998;Oti-Boateng et al, 1998;Persson et al, 1998;Bramhagen & Axelsson, 1999;Sherriff et al, 1999;Bougle et al, 2000;Karr et al, 2001;Male et al, 2001). Of these, only ethnicity has been consistently reported in New Zealand (Caucasian4 non-Caucasian) (Akel et al, 1963;Moyes et al, 1990), in part, because small study sample sizes have precluded any indepth analyses of multiple risk factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iron deficiency and risk factors for lower iron stores in 6–24-month-old New Zealanders

et al. 2003

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Objectives: To determine the prevalence of biochemical iron deficiency and identify factors associated with ferritin levels among 6-24-month-old urban South Island New Zealand children. Design: Cross-sectional survey conducted from May 1998 to March 1999. Setting: The cities of Christchurch, Dunedin and Invercargill. Subjects: A total of 323 randomly selected 6-24-month-old children participated (response rate 61%) of which 263 provided a blood sample. Methods: A complete blood cell count, zinc protoporphyrin, serum ferritin and C-reactive protein were measured on nonfasting venipuncture blood samples, 3-day weighed food records and general questionnaire data were collected. Results: Among children with C-reactive proteino10 mg/l (n ¼ 231), 4.3% had iron deficiency anaemia, 5.6% had iron deficiency without anaemia, and 18.6% had depleted iron stores, when a ferritin cutoff of r12 g/l was used. Age (negative), sex (girls4boys), ethnicity (Caucasian4non-Caucasian), weight-for-age percentiles (negative) and birth weight (positive) were associated with ferritin after adjusting for infection and socioeconomic status. When current consumption of iron fortified formula and 4500 ml of cows' milk per day were included, these were associated with a 22% increase and 25% decrease in ferritin, respectively (R 2 ¼ 0.28). Conclusions: The presence of suboptimal iron status (29%) among young New Zealand children is cause for concern, even though severe iron deficiency is rare, because children with marginal iron status are at risk of developing severe iron deficiency if exposed to a physiological challenge.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iron deficiency and risk factors for lower iron stores in 6–24-month-old New Zealanders

et al. 2003

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“…The association of other nutrients with iron status indices can be related to food items associated with iron status, with calcium and potassium found in abundance in cow's milk and zinc a component of meat and fish products. Although interactions have been reported between zinc and iron (Solomons & Ruz, 1997), these minerals do not compete for absorption when consumed in the amounts found in diets (Bougle et al, 2000). The negative effect of bread consumption on iron status has been seen elsewhere (Michaelsen et al, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron status at 12 months of age — effects of body size, growth and diet in a population with high birth weight

et al. 2003

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Objective: To investigate effects of growth and food intake in infancy on iron status at the age of 12 months in a population with high birth weight and high frequency of breast-feeding. Design: In a longitudinal observational study infants' consumption and growth were recorded. Weighed 2 day food records at the ages of 6, 9 and 12 months were used to analyse food and nutrient intake. Setting: Healthy-born participants were recruited from four maternity wards. Blood samples and growth data were collected from healthcare centres and food consumption data at home. Subjects: Newborn infants (n ¼ 180) were selected randomly according to the mother's domicile and 77% (n ¼ 138) participated, of them, 83% (n ¼ 114), or 63% of original sample, came in for blood sampling. Results: Every fifth child was iron-deficient (serum ferritin < 12 mg=l and mean corpuscular volume < 74 fl) and 2.7% were also anaemic (Hb < 105 g=l). Higher weight gain from 0 to 12 months was seen in infants who were iron-deficient at 12 months (6.7 AE 0.9 kg) than in non-iron-deficient infants (6.2 AE 0.9 kg) (P ¼ 0.050). Serum transferrin receptors at 12 months were positively associated with length gain from 0 to 12 months (adjusted r 2 ¼ 0.14; P ¼ 0.045) and mean corpuscular volume negatively to ponderal index at birth (adjusted r 2 ¼ 0.14; P ¼ 0.019) and 12 months (adjusted r 2 ¼ 0.17; P ¼ 0.006). Irondeficient infants had shorter breast-feeding duration (5.3 AE 2.2 months) than non-iron-deficient (7.9 AE 3.2 months; P ¼ 0.001). Iron status indices were negatively associated with cow's milk consumption at 9 -12 months, significant above 460 g=day, but were positively associated with iron-fortified breakfast cereals, fish and meat consumption. Conclusions: In a population of high birth weight, iron deficiency at 12 months is associated with faster growth and shorter breast-feeding duration from 0 to 12 months of age. The results suggest that a diet of 9 -12-month-olds should avoid cow's milk above 500 g=day and include fish, meat and iron-fortified breakfast cereals to improve iron status.

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“…We evaluated three measures of growth that reflect subtle differences in nutritional status. Decreased length for age is associated with longer term energy deficits and/or specific nutrient deficiencies (e.g., zinc or iron (Gibson, 2006;Bougle, Laroche, & Bureau, 2000), while lower weight for age reflects recent deficits in energy intake. Head circumference is less susceptible to nutritional insult and more directly reflects brain growth (Black, 2003;World Health Organization, 1986).…”

Section: Aims Of the Current Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and visual information processing in infants in Southern Ethiopia

Kennedy¹,

Thomas²,

Woltamo³

et al. 2008

Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology

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Speed of information processing and recognition memory can be assessed in infants using a visual information processing (VIP) paradigm. In a sample of 100 infants 6-8 months of age from Southern Ethiopia, we assessed relations between growth and VIP. The 69 infants who completed the VIP protocol had a mean weight z score of −1.12 ± 1.19 SD, and length z score of −1.05 ± 1.31. The ageappropriate novelty preference was shown by only 12 infants. When age was controlled, longest look duration during familiarization was predicted by weight (sr 2 = .16, p = .001) and length (sr 2 = .05, p =.058), and mean look duration during test phases was predicted by head circumference (sr 2 = . 08, p = .018) implying that growth is associated with development of VIP. These data support the validity of VIP as a measure of infant cognitive development that is sensitive to nutritional factors and flexible enough to be adapted to individual cultures.

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Zinc and iron status and growth in healthy infants

Cited by 24 publications

References 27 publications

Iron deficiency and risk factors for lower iron stores in 6–24-month-old New Zealanders

Iron deficiency and risk factors for lower iron stores in 6–24-month-old New Zealanders

Iron status at 12 months of age — effects of body size, growth and diet in a population with high birth weight

Growth and visual information processing in infants in Southern Ethiopia

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