Zinc–bromine hybrid flow battery: effect of zinc utilization and performance characteristics

Suresh, S.; Kesavan, Thangaian; Munaiah, Y.; Arulraj, I.; Dheenadayalan, S.; Ragupathy, P.

doi:10.1039/c4ra05946h

Cited by 70 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In contrast to “classical” batteries, the active material of RFBs does not form solid electrodes, but is dissolved in an electrolyte. Besides the all‐vanadium RFB, hybrid‐flow batteries, which combine a zinc anode with a halogen cathode, have attained much attention, e.g., zinc‐bromine and zinc‐polyiodide batteries . The special characteristic of a hybrid‐flow battery is that at least one redox state of one active species is insoluble.…”

Section: Polymers Used In This Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typically Zn 2+ (aq) is reduced to Zn 0 (s) during the charging process forming a solid anode. Inherent of a halogen cathode is the toxicity of I 2 and particularly of bromine, which are generated during battery cycling . Expensive complexing agents are required to maintain the solubility of bromine and to increase the safety of halogen‐based RFBs .…”

Section: Polymers Used In This Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Poly(TEMPO)/Zinc Hybrid‐Flow Battery: A Novel, “Green,” High Voltage, and Safe Energy Storage System

et al. 2016

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Section: Polymers Used In This Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polymers Used In This Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(TEMPO)/Zinc Hybrid‐Flow Battery: A Novel, “Green,” High Voltage, and Safe Energy Storage System

et al. 2016

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“…Just like VRB, ZnBr batteries also have negligible self‐discharge making them suitable to be discharged fully without any damage. However, there are some disadvantages as well such as ZnBr batteries have low efficiency (65%‐75%), suffer from metal corrosion, and can be operated in narrow working temperature range only . Liquid electrolyte used in ZnBr batteries poses difficulties in mobile applications.…”

Section: Energy Storage Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there are some disadvantages as well such as ZnBr batteries have low efficiency (65%-75%), suffer from metal corrosion, and can be operated in narrow working temperature range only. 120,133 Liquid electrolyte used in ZnBr batteries poses difficulties in mobile applications. A new development, ZnBr gel battery, uses gel made out of a fireretardant material instead of liquid and has advantages of both liquid and solid.…”

Section: Zinc-bromine Batterymentioning

confidence: 99%

An updated review of energy storage systems: Classification and applications in distributed generation power systems incorporating renewable energy resources

2018

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Summary The demand of electric energy is increasing globally, and the fact remains that the major share of this energy is still being produced from the traditional generation technologies. However, the recent trends, for obvious reasons of environmental concerns, are indicating a paradigm shift towards distributed generation (DG) incorporating renewable energy resources (RERs). But there are associated challenges with high penetration of RERs as these resources are unpredictable and stochastic in nature, and as a result, it becomes difficult to provide immediate response to demand variations. This is where energy storage systems (ESSs) come to the rescue, and they not only can compensate the stochastic nature and sudden deficiencies of RERs but can also enhance the grid stability, reliability, and efficiency by providing services in power quality, bridging power, and energy management. This paper provides an extensive review of different ESSs, which have been in use and also the ones that are currently in developing stage, describing their working principles and giving a comparative analysis of important features and technical as well as economic characteristics. The wide range of storage technologies, with each ESS being different in terms of the scale of power, response time, energy/power density, discharge duration, and cost coupled with the complex characteristics matrices, makes it difficult to select a particular ESS for a specific application. The comparative analysis presented in this paper helps in this regard and provides a clear picture of the suitability of ESSs for different power system applications, categorized appropriately. The paper also brings out the associated challenges and suggests the future research directions.

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“…[3,4] Up to now, many types of RFBs have been developed, including iron/ chromium (Fe/Cr) flow batteries, [5,6] bromine/polysulfide flow batteries (PSB), [7,8] vanadiumf low batteries (VFB), [9,10] and zinc-bromine flow batteries (ZBFB). [11][12][13][14] Among them, the zinc-bromine system has attracted much interest because of its relatively low materials cost, high energy density,a nd high cell voltage. [15] In at ypicalZ BFB,t he basic electrochemical reactionsc an be summarized as follows [Eqs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Zinc–Bromine Flow Battery with Improved Design of Cell Structure and Electrodes

Zhao

Zhang

et al. 2018

Energy Tech

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The zinc–bromine flow battery (ZBFB) is regarded as one of the most promising candidates for large‐scale energy storage owing to its high energy density and low cost. However, because of the large internal resistance and poor electrocatalytic activity of graphite‐ or carbon‐felt electrodes, conventional ZBFBs usually can only be operated at a relatively low current density, which limits their widespread application. Herein, we propose an asymmetrical cell by replacing the conventional thick felt electrode with a thin and electrocatalytically active carbon‐paper (CP) electrode interfacing with a flow‐field structure. With the enhanced electrocatalytic activity of CP for the Br2/Br− redox reaction and the reduced internal resistance of the thinner electrode, the ZBFB with this newly proposed structure exhibits an energy efficiency of up to 83.5 % at a current density of 40 mA cm−2, much higher than that with a graphite‐felt electrode of only 73.0 %. Remarkably, the battery can even be operated at a high current density up to 100 mA cm−2 while maintaining an energy efficiency of more than 70 %, demonstrating an excellent rate capability.

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Zinc–bromine hybrid flow battery: effect of zinc utilization and performance characteristics

Cited by 70 publications

References 12 publications

Poly(TEMPO)/Zinc Hybrid‐Flow Battery: A Novel, “Green,” High Voltage, and Safe Energy Storage System

Poly(TEMPO)/Zinc Hybrid‐Flow Battery: A Novel, “Green,” High Voltage, and Safe Energy Storage System

An updated review of energy storage systems: Classification and applications in distributed generation power systems incorporating renewable energy resources

A Zinc–Bromine Flow Battery with Improved Design of Cell Structure and Electrodes

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