Zinc‐loaded whey protein nanoparticles prepared by enzymatic cross‐linking and desolvation

Abstract

Summary Zinc‐loaded whey protein nanoparticles were prepared by enzymatic cross‐linking whey protein followed by ethanol desolvation. Whey protein isolate (WPI) was denatured by heating (80 °C for 15 min) at pH 7.0 and then cross‐linked by transglutaminase at 50 °C for 4 h while stirring. Transglutaminase was inactivated by heating at 90 °C for 10 min, and then, ZnSO4·7H2O (1–10 mm) was added. Zinc‐loaded whey protein nanoparticles were formed by adding ethanol at one to five times the volume of the protein solution at pH 9.0. The desolvated solutions were diluted by adding distilled water at ratio of 1:100 (w/v) immediately after desolvation. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) data showed that the particle size of zinc‐loaded whey protein nanoparticles increased with the amount of zinc and the volume of ethanol. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs revealed an almost spherical morphology for zinc‐loaded whey protein nanoparticles. The zinc loading efficiency was determined ranging from 76.7% to 99.2%. In vitro test data showed that the zinc release rate was low in simulated gastric fluid but high in simulated intestinal fluid. The results indicated that enzymatic cross‐linked whey protein nanoparticles may be used as a good vehicle to deliver zinc as a supplement.

Effect of ultrasound pretreatment on structural, physicochemical, rheological and gelation properties of transglutaminase cross-linked whey protein soluble aggregates

“…HUS treatment (e.g., 10, 20 and 40 min) significantly increased ( P < 0.05) the apparent viscosity of TGase cross-linked WPISA. This result may be attributed to the fact that the formation of high-molecular-weight polymers after cross-linking causes higher apparent viscosities [41] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] . However, there were no significant increases in the apparent viscosity of TGase cross-linked WPISA as the HUS time was increased from 10 to 40 min.…”

“…WPI solutions (10%, w/v; protein: 9.31% w/v) were dissolved in deionized Milli-Q water and stirred (1500 rpm) for 2 h at room temperature. Solutions were kept at 4 °C overnight, equilibrated at room temperature for 2 h, preheated at 80 °C for 15 min (pH 7.0) while stirring in a water bath, and cooled to room temperature as described previously [20] .…”

Emerging methods in therapeutics using multifunctional nanoparticles

“…Guo et al produced whey protein NPs loaded with zinc and showed that particle size could be controlled by modulating the amount of zinc added and the synthesis conditions. Additionally, they showed through in vitro experiments that site specific delivery of zinc was possible by pH dependent release of the micronutrient from the PNPs to its nutritionally relevant site, the intestinal track, as opposed to the stomach (Shao, Shen, & Guo, ).…”

“…Guo et al produced whey protein NPs loaded with zinc and showed that particle size could be controlled by modulating the amount of zinc added and the synthesis conditions. Additionally, they showed through in vitro experiments that site specific delivery of zinc was possible by pH dependent release of the micronutrient from the PNPs to its nutritionally relevant site, the intestinal track, as opposed to the stomach (Shao, Shen, & Guo, 2018). Through coacervation techniques, PNPs have been prepared from a wide variety of polypeptides and proteins for therapeutic purposes (Chang, Stadmiller, Staskevicius, & Champion, 2017;Estrada et al, 2014;Tsoras & Champion, 2018).…”

Whey protein: A functional and promising material for drug delivery systems recent developments and future prospects

“…The NPs were prepared by adding the ethanol at one to five times by adding the denatured protein solution. The NP size increased by increasing the amount of zinc and volume of ethanol, respectively . Table describes the summary of whey protein‐based NS.…”