Zirconium nanoparticles-poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-methacrylic acid) hybrid microgels decorated graphene sheets for catalytic reduction of organic pollutants

Smart Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide)-Based Microgels Supplemented with Nanomaterials for Catalytic Reduction Reactions—A Review

“…As indicated by Table 4, almost complete or complete reduction percentages with high reduction rates were acquired using bimetallic HMGs [39,57,67]. However, incomplete reduction with lower percentage degradation was observed for similar dyes when the NC-based monometallic HMG assemblies were used for the catalytic degradation [5,44]. This point requires further exploration and can be utilized by the upcoming researchers as the research gap.…”

“…Dan et al [69] developed a thermal switchable catalyst containing palladium (Pd) NP fabricated on graphene sheets, followed by the imprinting of PNIPAM MGs to develop a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for the detection of 4NP. Ali et al [5] engineered NCsbased HMGs containing zirconium (Zr) NPs fabricated inside the PNIPAM-MAC MGs supplemented with graphene sheets for carrying out the CRRs of the number of pollutants. The authors identified the factors of type of MG, type of NP used, type of comonomer used, dyes studied, and type of inorganic material incorporated to be the major factors responsible for the modulation of the catalytic efficacy of these reactions.…”

“…For instance, Haleem et al [4] synthesized homogenous microgels containing 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPSA) as a comonomer alongside PNI-PAM as a main polymer and indicated that the utilization of AMPSA imparted pH and temperature sensitivity to the whole assembly. Ali et al [5] engineered a COP containing methacrylic acid (MAC) as a comonomer and established that the repulsions generated by the negatively carboxylic groups (COO −1 ) of MAC at the suitable pH were responsible for the swelling properties of the whole assembly. Begum et al [6] engineered a COP assembly containing acrylamide (AA) as the comonomer via free-radical emulsion polymerization.…”

Assembly of Smart Microgels and Hybrid Microgels on Graphene Sheets for Catalytic Reduction of Nitroarenes

“…Graphene was synthesized using the Hummers method [52]. We used the same graphene that was already prepared and explained in our paper: Ali et al [29]. The schematic diagram of the synthesis of graphene is provided below in Figure 8.…”

“…Furthermore, through surface complexation, these entangled active groups of graphene oxide can connect to heavy metal ions present in the solution, allowing it to be utilized to extract ions from the solution [27]. It was previously reported that graphene oxide/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (GO/PNIPAM) hybrid microgel was used to purify water from toxic dyes and contaminants [28], and the reduction of organic pollutants, such as Congo red, 4-nitroanisole (4-NA), methylene orange, 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), methylene blue, Safranin, 2,4 dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), and 4-nitrobenzoic acid (4-NBA), using zirconium-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-methacrylic acid)@graphene composite as a catalyst was reported [29].…”