ZnP‐Coated Zn1Cu0.1Ti Membrane with High Strength‐Ductility, Antibacterial Ability, Cytocompatibility, and Osteogenesis for Biodegradable Guided Bone Regeneration Applications

Abstract

Zinc (Zn) and its alloys have recently gained research interest due to their good biosafety, biological function, biodegradability, and formability. Zincphosphate (ZnP) coating has been shown to improve the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of Zn alloys. Here, a biodegradable ZnP-coating on Zn1Cu0.1Ti (ZCT) membrane with high strength-ductility and mechanical stability, suitable degradation rate, effective antibacterial ability, excellent in vitro and in vivo cytocompatibility, and osteogenesis is reported. The ZnPcoated ZCT exhibits high strength-ductility with a yield strength of 264 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 312 MPa, elongation of 36.0%, and high mechanical stability before and after 30 d immersion in Hanks' and AS solutions, all of which are higher than those of ZCT. The ZnP coating shows good deformation resistance, healing effect, and bond strength with the substrate, meeting the clinical contour shaping requirements. The ZnP-coated ZCT membrane sample shows higher cell viability toward MC3T3-E1 and MG-63 cells, osteogenic and mitochondrial quality-control properties in vitro than those of the ZCT sample. Using a rat calvarial defect model, the ZnP-coated ZCT membrane shows complete biosafety and considerable osteogenesis performance. Overall, the ZnP-coated ZCT membrane is recommended as a promising biodegradable implant material for oral guided bone regeneration application.

Fabrication of a Nanoscale Magnesium/Copper Metal–Organic Framework on Zn-Based Guided Bone Generation Membranes for Enhancing Osteogenesis, Angiogenesis, and Bacteriostasis Properties

“…Besides, previous studies have also confirmed that the osteogenic and antibacterial activity of pure Zn implants are grossly inadequate. , Until now, Zn-based alloys are still facing some challenges to serve as a platform in GBR because the antibacterial effects of Zn 2+ have been mostly explained by dosage-dependent cytotoxicity . It implies that the therapeutic window for Zn 2+ favoring osteogenesis could exhibit limited antibacterial effects, which was also confirmed in other research works. ,, Even though the degradation of Zn-based materials and Zn 2+ leaching kinetics can be precisely controlled, it is still difficult to balance their antibacterial, osteogenic, and angiogenic effects only relying on single Zn 2+ for GBR application.…”

“…14 It implies that the therapeutic window for Zn 2+ favoring osteogenesis could exhibit limited antibacterial effects, which was also confirmed in other research works. 9,12,15 Even though the degradation of Zn-based materials and Zn 2+ leaching kinetics can be precisely controlled, it is still difficult to balance their antibacterial, osteogenic, and angiogenic effects only relying on single Zn 2+ for GBR application.…”

“…Zn and Zn alloys have been suggested as potential candidates for GBR membranes recently. − Zn is mechanically stronger than polymers while maintaining comparable ductility. The tensile strength and elongation of extruded pure Zn are ∼166 MPa and ∼40%, respectively .…”

Reduced corrosion of Zn alloy by HA nanorods for enhancing early bone regeneration

“…Especially, the surface microstructures designed to mimic extracellular matrix (ECM) have caught the attention of researchers. 24–26 In recent years, some organic 27,28 /inorganic 29,30 and composite coatings 25,31,32 have been reported to improve the osseointegration ability of Zn-based orthopedic implants. Thereinto, zinc phosphate (ZnP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings have gained popularity due to their demonstrated effectiveness in reducing corrosion rates, suppressing Zn 2+ release, and enhancing osteogenic activity of Zn-alloy substrates.…”

Dual Mg-Reinforced PCL Membrane with a Janus Structure for Vascularized Bone Regeneration and Bacterial Elimination

“…Apart from osseointegration with host bone tissues and vascular connection, GBR membranes are expected to inhibit bacterial activity in an open oral environment since bacteria breeding can both reduce bone augment and new attachment around teeth. 12 Metallic Mg has been proven to be bacteriostatic when the concentration of Mg 2+ ions and pH of the degradation medium are over 300 ppm and 9.5 simultaneously. 13 However, such an environment in body fluids has been demonstrated to be chronically toxic to cells and beyond the acceptable threshold value for the human body.…”