“…Adams and Jager (1980) first observed this phenomenon using a borehole periscope at an embedded depth of 2000-3000 m in the Witwatersrand gold mine, South Africa. Shemyakin, Fisenko, and Kurlenya (1986), Shemyakin et al (1986), Shemyakin, Fisenko, and Kurlenya (1987), Shemyakin, Kurlenya, and Oparin (1989) explored zonal disintegration by using a resistivity meter in the Taimyrskii deep mine, Russia. The phenomenon has also been observed in China (Li, Qian, and Zhang, 2009).…”