Zone Processes at the Formation of the Lead Acid Battery Positive Plate

Abstract

The processes during formation at different current densities of the positive lead acid battery plates prepared with different phase compositions of the paste were studied. At the formation a PbO2 zone is formed. The direction of its growth in the plate depends on the phase composition of the paste, the current density, the pH of the solution, the paste density, etc. It was found that at formation with a high current density of the plates with high sulfation pastes, the PbO2 zone grows in the interior of the plate first and then to its surfaces. At formation with a low current density of the plates with low sulfation pastes this process is inverse. A diagram of chemical and electrochemical reactions which take place in a reaction layer is presented. The direction of the PbO2 zone growth depends on the direction of H + and SO42-ion flows which keep electroneutrality of the solution in the reaction layer. When the H + and SO42-ion flows enter the reaction layer the PbO2 zone grows in the surface layers of the plate and vice versa, when they go out of the reaction layer the PbO2 zone grows first in the interior of the plate. * Electrochemical Society Active Member.

Investigation of Tubular Positive Plate Formation in Lead-Acid Batteries by In Situ Electrochemical Scan

“…The PbO 2 prefers to grow along its nucleation and the PbO 2 zones. 12 In this case, it is clear that the current density must be uneven on the positive plate. At the beginning of the formation, the high current density at the top of the plate is due to low polarization while at the bottom it may be due to low resistance of the negative plate frame.…”

“…The conventional research on the formation includes the paste composition and its density, temperature, and concentration of forming electrolyte, current charging scheme, and rest period etc. [9][10][11][12][13][14] The pulsed-current formation has been used to improve the composition and performance of the positive plate. 15,16 The conductive additives such as Pb 3 O 4 , BaPbO 3 , and Ti 4 O 7 in the positive paste are also widely investigated.…”

Plates soaking prior formation and its influence on positive active material phase composition and battery performance

“…The processes during soaking of 3BS and 4BS plates have been investigated by some authors [7,[14][15][16][17][18][19]. It has been established that the sulfation of the plates is mainly influenced by the phase composition of the cured plate, H 2 SO 4 concentration and soaking time.…”

In situ electrochemical scan to study the behavior of the asymmetric (single-side) pasted positive plate as used in automotive lead-acid batteries

“…An important aspect of this is that the composition of the positive active mass (PAM) containing a-PbO 2 , b-PbO 2 and PbO n (1<n<2), etc. is complicated [1][2][3][4]. The PAM structure depends on its porosity and the ratio of a-to b-PbO 2 , which determine the power output of the battery and its life [5].…”