Zooid size and growth rate of the bryozoan Cryptosula pallasiana Moll in relation to temperature, in culture and in its natural environment

Seasonal and multi-annual patterns of colonisation and growth of sessile benthic fauna on artificial substrates in the brackish low-diversity system of the Baltic Sea

“…The specific growth rate of E. crustulenta during the first year of immersion (0.024 day -1 ), i.e. when free space was unlikely to be limiting, was lower than those measured under laboratory conditions for other temperate species from the coastal waters of Denmark (approximately 0.073 day -1 ; Hermansen et al, 2001) and of Wales (0.066 day -1 ; Amui-Vedel et al, 2007), but notably faster than those observed in the Adriatic Sea (0.009 day -1 ) and the Arctic (0.004 day -1 , data recalculated from Kukliński et al, 2013). Einhornia crustulenta is a brackish water specialist (Nikulina & Schäfer, 2006) with an opportunistic life strategy and high potential for the colonisation of hard substrate protected from direct sedimentation.…”

History of upwelling in the Tropical Eastern Pacific and the paleogeography of the Isthmus of Panama

“…Variation in zooid size in modern day bryozoans is significantly related to the MART in which the colony grew due to the inverse relationship between zooid size and ambient temperature (Menon, 1972; Okamura, 1987; Okamura and Bishop, 1988;Hunter and Hughes, 1994;O'Dea and Okamura, 1999, 2000a, 2000b, 2000cO'Dea, 2005;Lombardi et al, 2006;Amui-Vedel et al, 2007). MART is estimated by measuring the amount of intracolony zooid size variation in fossil bryozoans and applying it to the following linear equation:…”

Environmental change prior to the K–T boundary inferred from temporal variation in the morphology of cheilostome bryozoans

“…The size of these zooids varies inversely with ambient temperature; thus, a zooid budded in warmer waters will be smaller than a genetically identical zooid budded in cooler waters, other factors being equal (Menon, 1972;Hunter and Hughes, 1994;O'Dea and Okamura, 1999;Amui-Vedel et al, 2007). This relationship is the same physiological response expressed widely across invertebrates, known as the temperature-size rule (Atkinson, 1995;Atkinson and Sibly, 1997;Atkinson et al, 2006).…”

“…The rule almost certainly represents a universal response, whether adaptive or not (see Kingsolver and Huey, 2008, for further discussion). In the Bryozoa it applies at the level of the zooid rather than the colony (Okamura and Bishop, 1988;Hunter and Hughes, 1994;Okamura, 1999, 2000b;O'Dea and Jackson, 2002;O'Dea, 2003O'Dea, , 2005Amui-Vedel et al, 2007;O'Dea et al, 2007b;Knowles et al, 2009). In general, and provided sufficient care is taken to avoid sampling unrepresentative zooids, changes in zooid size provide a reliable indication of changes in temperature (for detailed discussion see Okamura et al, in press).…”