Zoonotic giardiasis: an update

Cai, Weilong; Ryan, Una; Xiao, Lihua; Feng, Yaoyu

doi:10.1007/s00436-021-07325-2

Cited by 97 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 210 publications

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“…Sub-assemblage A-I has been reported in humans and animals, while A-II is considered human specific but has also been identified in dog faecal samples [9,10]. Assemblage A-III has been detected exclusively in animals [5,11]. Although no definitive transmission between animals and humans has been documented, data from cross-sectional surveillance studies and assessments during giardiasis epidemics greatly support this possibility [9,[12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Assemblages C and D are canine specific. Assemblages A and B are most frequently found in humans, but they can also infect other animals and are considered potentially zoonotic [5][6][7][8]. Assemblages A and B have been further divided into sub-assemblages (A-I to A-III and B-III, B-IV), some of which are more common in humans and others in animals [2,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Assemblages A and B are most frequently found in humans, but they can also infect other animals and are considered potentially zoonotic [5][6][7][8]. Assemblages A and B have been further divided into sub-assemblages (A-I to A-III and B-III, B-IV), some of which are more common in humans and others in animals [2,5]. Sub-assemblage A-I has been reported in humans and animals, while A-II is considered human specific but has also been identified in dog faecal samples [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence, Risk Factors and Genotypes of Giardia duodenalis in Sheltered Dogs in Tuscany (Central Italy)

et al. 2021

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In sheltered dogs, the prevalence of Giardia duodenalis is frequently high and may include potential zoonotic genotypes. The prevalence, genotypes and potential risk factors of G. duodenalis were assessed in 168 dogs from four kennels (Pistoia, Prato, Florence, Valdarno) in Tuscany, central Italy and compared with data from previous Italian studies. The prevalence of other intestinal parasites was also investigated. Individual dog faecal samples collected from each kennel were examined by parasitological techniques and a rapid immunoassay for the detection of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium faecal antigens. On Giardia-positive samples, molecular analysis was performed for genotype identification. Overall, 69 dogs scored positive for G. duodenalis (41%), but significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found among the four kennels and sampling seasons. The potentially zoonotic assemblages A and B and the canine-specific assemblage C (Pistoia: A-AII, B, C; Prato: A-AII, B; Florence: A-AII; Valdarno: A and C) were identified. Toxocara canis (8.9%), Trichuris vulpis (3.6%), hookworms (1.19%) and Cryptosporidium sp. (0.6%) were also identified. The high prevalence of G. duodenalis and the identification of potentially zoonotic genotypes in all examined kennels underline the need to improve routine parasite monitoring and control measures and to provide insights into the zoonotic potential of G. duodenalis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence, Risk Factors and Genotypes of Giardia duodenalis in Sheltered Dogs in Tuscany (Central Italy)

et al. 2021

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“…Thus, E. histolytica has a rather low level of single nucleotide diversity ( 14 ), although certain genetic variants of the parasite may be involved in virulence and disease outcome ( 15 ). In contrast, G. duodenalis (the only Giardia species infective to NHP and humans) consists of eight (A–H) genotypes known as assemblages based on sequence analysis of several genes, of which assemblages A and B are considered zoonotic ( 16 ). To date, no association between G. duodenalis genotypes and the occurrence of diarrhoea have been conclusively demonstrated in human infections ( 17 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal Protists in Captive Non-human Primates and Their Handlers in Six European Zoological Gardens. Molecular Evidence of Zoonotic Transmission

Köster¹,

Martínez‐Nevado²,

González³

et al. 2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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We assessed the occurrence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential of four protozoan (Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, Giardia duodenalis), one stramenopile (Blastocystis sp.), one microsporidia (Enterocytozoon bieneusi), and two ciliate (Balantioides coli, Troglodytella abrassarti) intestinal parasite or commensal protist species in captive non-human primates (NHP) and their zookeepers from six European zoological gardens in France (n = 1), Germany (n = 1), and Spain (n = 4). Faecal samples from NHP (n = 454) belonging to 63 species within 35 genera and humans (n = 70) were collected at two sampling periods in each participating institution between October 2018-August 2021. Detection and species identification was accomplished by PCR and Sanger sequencing of the ssu rRNA and/or ITS genes. Sub-genotyping analyses using specific markers were conducted on isolates positive for G. duodenalis (gdh, bg, tpi) and Cryptosporidium spp. (gp60). Overall, 41.0% (186/454) and 30.0% (21/70) of the faecal samples of NHP and human origin tested positive for at least one intestinal protist species, respectively. In NHP, Blastocystis sp. was the most prevalent protist species found (20.3%), followed by G. duodenalis (18.1%), E. dispar (7.9%), B. coli and T. abrassarti (1.5% each), and Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi (0.9% each). Occurrence rates varied largely among NHP host species, sampling periods, and zoological institutions. The predominant protist species found in humans was Blastocystis sp. (25.7%), followed by Cryptosporidium spp. (2.9%), E. dispar (1.4%), and G. duodenalis (1.4%). Sequencing of PCR-positive amplicons in human and/or NHP confirmed the presence of Cryptosporidium in six isolates (C. hominis: 66.7%, C. parvum: 33.3%), G. duodenalis in 18 isolates (assemblage A: 16.7%, assemblage B: 83.3%), Blastocystis in 110 isolates (ST1:38.2%, ST2:11.8%, ST3: 18.2%, ST4: 9.1%, ST5: 17.3%, ST8: 2.7%, ST13: 0.9%), and E. bieneusi in four isolates (CM18: 75.0%, Type IV: 25.0%). Zoonotic transmission events involving Blastocystis ST1–ST4 were identified in four zoological institutions. Zoonotic transmission of C. hominis was highly suspected, but not fully demonstrated, in one of them. Monitoring of intestinal protist species might be useful for assessing health status of captive NHP and their zookeepers, and to identify transmission pathways of faecal-orally transmitted pathogens.

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“…Three datasets were thus obtained, defined as [i] Dataset I: including 26 gdh sequences (plus 16 as assemblage/sub-assemblage reference sequences, accession numbers: KY432844, KT948091, EU278608, JX994237, KC313924, MF671910-11, KR075940, M84604, KP635111, EF507606, AB469364, AB508813, HM150751 for assemblage A; AF069059, L40508 for assemblage B); [ii] Dataset II: including 69 bg sequences (plus 17 as Assemblage/sub-assemblage reference sequences, accession numbers: EU626198, X85958, AB469365, AB508814, AY258617, KP635115, KP075938, KU668890, MF671917-18, FJ971410, AY072723-4, MG736240, KY432854 for assemblage A; AY072725, AY072727 for assemblage B); and [iii] Dataset III; characterized by 38 tpi sequences (plus 13 as assemblage/sub-assemblage reference sequences, accession numbers: HM150750, L02120, U57897, AB509382-84, KP635106, MF671915, MH673809, MH673818, EU041754 for assemblage A; AF069560, AY228628 for assemblage B), and were aligned by MUSCLE v3.8 [43]. The assemblage/sub-assemblage A reference sequences were selected from Cai et al [44].…”

Section: Assemblage and Sub-assemblage Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Giardia duodenalis in Wildlife: Exploring Genotype Diversity in Italy and across Europe

et al. 2022

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Fragmented data are so far available on genotype diversity of G. duodenalis in wildlife in different countries in Europe, in particular, in Italy. In the present study, G. duodenalis sequences obtained from different Italian wild animals [12 porcupines (Hystrix cristata), 4 wild boars (Sus scrofa), 1 wolf (Canis lupus italicus), 6 Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra)] were compared with those available from wild host species in Europe to add new data on the geographic distribution of Giardia assemblages/sub-assemblages and their transmission patterns among natural hosts. Thirty-eight sequences were obtained by MLG analysis (SSU-rRNA, bg, gdh, and tpi genes) and subsequently compared by phylogenetic and network analyses with those from wild species monitored in the last decades in Europe. The results revealed the presence of potentially zoonotic (A-AI, A-AII from wild boar; B from porcupine) and host-adapted (D from wolf; E, A-AIII from chamois) assemblages and sub-assemblages and represent the first report for Italian wild boar. The analysis did not find any evidence of spatial or host segregation for specific genetic variants, mostly shared between different hosts from different European countries. However, conflicting evidence was found in genotypic assignment, advocating for data improvement and new genomic approaches.

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Zoonotic giardiasis: an update

Cited by 97 publications

References 210 publications

Prevalence, Risk Factors and Genotypes of Giardia duodenalis in Sheltered Dogs in Tuscany (Central Italy)

Prevalence, Risk Factors and Genotypes of Giardia duodenalis in Sheltered Dogs in Tuscany (Central Italy)

Intestinal Protists in Captive Non-human Primates and Their Handlers in Six European Zoological Gardens. Molecular Evidence of Zoonotic Transmission

Giardia duodenalis in Wildlife: Exploring Genotype Diversity in Italy and across Europe

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