Zoonotic Pathogens in the American Mink in Its Southernmost Distribution

Ramírez-Pizarro, Francisco; Fuente, María Carolina Silva-de la; Hernández-Orellana, Claudio; López, Juana; Madrid, Verónica; Fernández, Ítalo; Martín, Nicolás; González‐Acuña, Daniel; Sandoval, Daniel; Ortega, René; Landaeta‐Aqueveque, Carlos

doi:10.1089/vbz.2019.2445

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Minks have been showed to carry Hepatitis E virus [26], SARS-CoV-2 [27], Cryptosporidium spp. [28] and several other zoonotic pathogens [29][30][31][32]. In the present study, we identi ed the presence of foodborne Trichinella in farmed caged minks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

The prevalence of Trichinella spiralis in farmed minks (Neovison vison) associated with exposure to wild rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Shandong province, China

Zhang¹,

Li²,

Jin³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Both of American mink (Neovison vison) and wild rat (Rattus norvegicus) is considered reservoir hosts carrying many endoparasites. Trichinella is a successful parasitic nematode including nine species and three genotypes with a worldwide distribution. However, little is known about the prevalence of Trichinella infection in mink (Neovison vison) and rat (Rattus norvegicus) in China.Methods In total, 289 muscle samples of minks and 102 rat carcasses were collected between April 2017 and December 2019 in Weihai city of Shandong province, China. The food of minks including chicken skeleton and mashed marine products was also collected at 3 batches. All the samples were used to examine for the appearance of Trichinella by the pooled artificial HCl-pepsin digestion method. The isolates from minks and rats were identified as T. spiralis by multiplex PCR. Then, the phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the sequences of 5S rDNA inter-gene spacer regions.Results Muscle larvae were detected in 20 out of 289 minks (6.92%) and in 2 of 102 wild rats (1.96%), respectively. The intensity of Trichinella in mink samples was ranged from 0.025 to 0.815 lpg, while the larval burden in rats was 0.17 lpg. The isolates from minks and rats were identified as T. spiralis by multiplex PCR. Sequence analysis revealed a 100% identical alignment of the 5S rDNA inter-gene spacer regions from the two isolates. The phylogenetic tree confirmed the two isolates from minks and rats belonging to T. spiralis based on analysis of the 5S rDNA inter-gene spacer sequence.Conclusions The present study represents the first report of T. spiralis infection in American mink (Neovison vison) and wild rat (Rattus norvegicus) from Shandong province, China. The farmed minks would be vulnerable to Trichinella infection through exposure to the wild rats. The prevalence of T. spiralis in wild rats may raise a public health concern for the potential zoonotic risk for the domestic animals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

The prevalence of Trichinella spiralis in farmed minks (Neovison vison) associated with exposure to wild rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Shandong province, China

Zhang¹,

Li²,

Jin³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…This protection is due to conservation concerns or because these animals aid in pest control. Therefore, only invasive animals can be hunted to assess Trichinella infection (Hidalgo et al, 2019;Ramirez-Pizarro et al, 2019;Espinoza-Rojas et al, 2021). This has resulted in few studies that have assessed the presence of Trichinella infection in native wildlife in Chile (Alvarez et al, 1970;González-Acuña et al, 2010;Hidalgo et al, 2013;Landaeta-Aqueveque et al, 2015;Echeverry et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among non-domestic animals, cougars, American minks (Neovison vison Schreber, 1777) and wild boar are the only wild/feral hosts with documented infections (Landaeta-Aqueveque et al, 2015;Hidalgo et al, 2019;Echeverry et al, 2021;Espinoza-Rojas et al, 2021). In addition to those reports, other studies have not found infected animals (Alvarez et al, 1970;González-Acuña et al, 2010;Ramirez-Pizarro et al, 2019). Therefore,…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

First record of Trichinella in Leopardus guigna (Carnivora, Felidae) and Galictis cuja (Carnivora, Mustelidae): new hosts in Chile

Echeverry

Henríquez

Oyarzún‐Ruiz

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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Background Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution. It is caused by several species of nematodes in the genus Trichinella. Trichinella spp. are transmitted through predation or carrion consumption and occur in domestic and sylvatic cycles. In humans trichinellosis occurs due to the consumption of raw or undercooked, infected meat and is mainly associated with the household slaughter of pigs or the consumption of game animals without veterinary inspection, a cultural practice that is difficult to resolve. Therefore, knowledge of this parasite’s reservoir is relevant for better implementing public health strategies. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of Trichinella sp. in several carnivore and omnivore vertebrates in central-southern Chile. Methods We collected muscle tissue from a total of 53 animals from 15 species and were digested to detect Trichinella larvae which were further identified to species level using molecular techniques. Results We detected Trichinella larvae in Leopardus guigna (Felidae) and Galictis cuja (Mustelidae). We identified the larvae collected from L. guigna as Trichinella spiralis, but we were unable to molecularly characterize the larvae from G. cuja. This is the first record of Trichinella in a native mustelid of South America and the first record of T. spiralis in L. guigna. This study identified two novel hosts; however, further work is needed to identify the role that these and other hosts play in the cycle of Trichinella in Chile.

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“…Four Trichinella species have been reported in this continent, mainly in Argentina: T. spiralis Owen, 1835; T. patagoniensis Krivokapich et al 2012; T. britovi Pozio et al 1992;and T. pseudospiralis Garkavi, 1972 [8]. Conversely, T. spiralis is the sole species to be reported in Chile, and while studies on wild animals have increased recently [11,12,13,14], the domestic cycle was fairly well-studied in previous decades [9], but has been neglected in recent years. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze geographically the incidence of trichinellosis in Chile.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal and geographic analysis of human trichinellosis incidence in Chile with risk assessment

Landaeta‐Aqueveque

Ayala

Poblete-Toledo

et al. 2021

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Trichinellosis is a foodborne disease caused by several Trichinella species around the world. In Chile, the domestic cycle was fairly well-studied in previous decades, but has been neglected in recent years. The aims of this study were to analyze, geographically, the incidence of trichinellosis in Chile to assess the relative risk, as well as to analyze the temporal fluctuation in the incidence rates in the last decades. Using temporal data spanning 1964–2019, as well as geographical data from 2010–2019, the time series of cases was analyzed with ARIMA models to explore trends and periodicity. The Dickey–Fuller test was used to study trends, and the Portmanteau test was used to study white noise in the model residuals. The Besag–York–Mollie (BYM) model was used to create Bayesian maps of the level of risk relative to that expected by the overall population. The association of the relative risk with the number of farmed swine was assessed with Spearman’s correlation. The number of annual cases varied between 5 and 220 (mean: 65.13); the annual rate of reported cases varied between 0.03 and 1.9 cases per 105 inhabitants (mean: 0.53). The cases of trichinellosis in Chile showed a downward trend that has become more evident since the 1980s. No periodicities were detected via the autocorrelation function. Communes (the smallest geographical administrative subdivision) with high incidence rates and high relative risk were mostly observed in the Araucanía region. The relative risk of the commune was significantly associated with the number of farmed pigs and boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758). The results allowed us to state that trichinellosis is not an (re)emerging disease in Chile, but local conditions must be further studied to identify the factors favoring the presence of outbreaks in some communes, particularly in Araucanía.

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Zoonotic Pathogens in the American Mink in Its Southernmost Distribution

Cited by 15 publications

References 50 publications

The prevalence of Trichinella spiralis in farmed minks (Neovison vison) associated with exposure to wild rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Shandong province, China

The prevalence of Trichinella spiralis in farmed minks (Neovison vison) associated with exposure to wild rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Shandong province, China

First record of Trichinella in Leopardus guigna (Carnivora, Felidae) and Galictis cuja (Carnivora, Mustelidae): new hosts in Chile

Temporal and geographic analysis of human trichinellosis incidence in Chile with risk assessment

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