Zoonotic Threat of G4 Genotype Eurasian Avian-Like Swine Influenza A(H1N1) Viruses, China, 2020

Gu, Minghong; Chen, Kaibiao; Ge, Zhichuang; Jiao, Jun; Cai, Tianyu; Liu, Suhan; Wang, Xiaoquan; Jiao, Xinan; Peng, Daxin; Liu, Xiufan

doi:10.3201/eid2808.212530

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…While EA swine H1N1 viruses have been circulating in Eurasian countries, G4 EA H1N1 viruses have emerged in China and have been predominant since 2016 [26]. G4 EA H1N1 viruses have severe pathogenicity, enhanced replication, and transmission ability in vivo and can be transmitted from pigs to humans [6,14,25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for the circulation of genotype 4 Eurasian avian-like lineage swine H1N1 viruses in Korean swine farms using a newly developed one-step multiplex RT-qPCR

Moon,

Na,

Shin

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: Genotype 4 Eurasian avian-like lineage swine H1N1 viruses, which are reassortants containing the pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus lineage, triple reassortant lineage internal genes, and EA lineage external genes, have been reported in China since 2013. These have been predominant in pig populations since 2016 and have exhibited pandemic potential. Objectives: Examination of the circulation of G4 and its-related EA H1N1 viruses in Korea. Methods: We developed a one-step multiplex RT-qPCR that targeted M, HA1, and PB2 genes to detect G4 and its-related EA H1N1 viruses. We performed the analytical sensitivity and specificity of the multiplex RT-qPCR. The developed multiplex RT-qPCR was applied to swine respiratory samples between 2020 and 2022 in Korea. Results: Among the swine samples, a G4 EA H1N1 virus-related positive sample (6IP) was detected. Phylogenetic analysis based on all eight partial gene segments showed that 6IP contains nucleic acids of IAV segmented genes, which are closely related to G4 EA H1N1 viruses in HA, NA, PB2, NS, and NP genes. Conclusions: The developed multiplex RT-qPCR proved the sensitivity and specificity for the efficient surveillance of G4 and its-related EA H1N1 virus in clinical samples. Considering the phylogenetic analysis, additional screening for G4 EA H1N1 or its related viruses should be performed in future epidemiological studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for the circulation of genotype 4 Eurasian avian-like lineage swine H1N1 viruses in Korean swine farms using a newly developed one-step multiplex RT-qPCR

Moon,

Na,

Shin

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…These findings raise concerns about the new pandemic virus, as G4 possesses all the features crucial for human adaptation [43]. Gu et al (2022) observed high homology between two G4 swine isolates and contemporaneous humanorigin EA H1N1 [58]. Moreover, these strains could effectively replicate in mice lungs without previous adaptation, and one bound preferentially to human-like receptors.…”

Section: Pandemic Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, these strains could effectively replicate in mice lungs without previous adaptation, and one bound preferentially to human-like receptors. Given the above research and the first confirmed human case of G4 infection, a possible threat to the public health of the G4 virus should not be ignored [58].…”

Section: Pandemic Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update in Knowledge of Pigs as the Source of Zoonotic Pathogens

Augustyniak,

Pomorska-Mól

2023

Animals

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The available data indicate that the human world population will constantly grow in the subsequent decades. This constant increase in the number of people on the Earth will lead to growth in food demand, especially in food of high nutritional value. Therefore, it is expected that the world livestock population will also increase. Such a phenomenon enhances the risk of transmitting pathogens to humans. As pig production is one of the most significant branches of the world’s livestock production, zoonoses of porcine origins seem to be of particular importance. Therefore, in this review, we aim to introduce the latest data concerning, among other things, epidemiology and available preventive measures to control the most significant porcine zoonoses of viral, bacterial, and parasitic origin.

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“…AlphaFold-pairs was validated using two well-defined systems: the 12-subunit enzyme RNA polymerase II (Pol II), and the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein with human cell surface receptors. Using the AlphaFold-pairs method, we also successfully elucidated the interactions among viral proteins that comprise the reassortant Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 swine G4 genotype Influenza A virus (IAV) variant, a zoonotic respiratory pathogen considered to pose a significant pandemic risk by the CDC and the WHO [8]. In addition, we also identified host interactors that associate with the G4 proteins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-accuracy mapping of human and viral direct physical protein-protein interactions using the novel computational system AlphaFold-pairs

Poitras,

Lamontagne,

Grandvaux

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Protein-protein interactions are central, highly flexible components of regulatory mechanisms in all living cells. Over the years, diverse methods have been developed to map protein-protein interactions. These methods have revealed the organization of protein complexes and networks in numerous cells and conditions. However, these methods are also time consuming, costly and sensitive to various experimental artifacts. To avoid these caveats, we have taken advantage of the AlphaFold-Multimer software, which succeeded in predicting the structure of many protein complexes. We designed a relatively simple algorithm based on assessing the physical proximity of a test protein with other AlphaFold structures. Using this method, named AlphaFold-pairs, we have successfully defined the probability of a protein-protein interaction forming. AlphaFold-pairs was validated using well-defined protein-protein interactions found in the literature and specialized databases. All pairwise interactions forming within the 12-subunit transcription machinery RNA Polymerase II, according to available structures, have been identified. Out of 66 possible interactions (excluding homodimers), 19 specific interactions have been found, and an additional previously unknown interaction has been unveiled. The SARS-CoV-2 surface glycoprotein Spike (or S) was confirmed to interact with high preference with the human ACE2 receptor when compared to other human receptors. Notably, two additional receptors, INSR and FLT4, were found to interact with S. For the first time, we have successfully identified protein-protein interactions that are likely to form within the reassortant Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 swine G4 genotype Influenza A virus, which poses a potential zoonotic threat. Testing G4 proteins against human transcription factors and molecular chaperones (a total of 100 proteins) revealed strong specific interactions between the G4 HA and HSP90B1, the G4 NS and the PAQosome subunit RPAP3, as well as the G4 PA and the POLR2A subunit. We predict that AlphaFold-pairs will revolutionize the study of protein-protein interactions in a large number of healthy and diseased systems in the years to come.

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Zoonotic Threat of G4 Genotype Eurasian Avian-Like Swine Influenza A(H1N1) Viruses, China, 2020

Cited by 6 publications

References 11 publications

Evidence for the circulation of genotype 4 Eurasian avian-like lineage swine H1N1 viruses in Korean swine farms using a newly developed one-step multiplex RT-qPCR

Evidence for the circulation of genotype 4 Eurasian avian-like lineage swine H1N1 viruses in Korean swine farms using a newly developed one-step multiplex RT-qPCR

An Update in Knowledge of Pigs as the Source of Zoonotic Pathogens

High-accuracy mapping of human and viral direct physical protein-protein interactions using the novel computational system AlphaFold-pairs

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