Zooplankton functional traits in a tropical estuarine system: Are lower and upper estuaries functionally different?

Abstract

Functional diversity measures help to understand the underlying mechanisms explaining the relationship between organisms and environment. This work examined the mesozooplankton community of an estuary under the hypothesis that the upper (< 25 psu) and lower (> 25 psu) zones are functionally different in terms of feeding strategies, trophic groups, camouflage, buoyancy, and defense against predators, due to the salinity gradient. We used the ‘community-weighted mean trait values’ (CWM) and a fuzzy correspondence analysis (FCA) in combination with three functional indices (FRic: functional richness, FEve: functional evenness, FDiv: functional divergence) to test our hypothesis. Zooplankton samples were taken in the tropical Sontecomapan estuary, southern Gulf of Mexico, in June 2018 and October 2019. A total of 21 zooplankton groups were recognized, all of them present in the lower estuary. Results showed significant differences (p< 0.05) in the FRic and FDiv values between the two zones, as well in the CWM metric. Results of the FCA showed that the lower estuary was characterized by herbivorous filter feeders that use watery bodies, flattened body forms, mucus houses, or ‘wings’ for buoyancy; highly transparent bodies (associated with gelatinous body structure) for camouflage and predators’ avoidance and, shells or carapaces as antipredator tactics. The upper estuary was characterized by omnivorous cruising predators that use their appendages or swim bladders for buoyancy, with ‘medium’ and ‘low’ levels of transparency, associated with chitinous and skin-protected body structures, which provide alternative ways for camouflage and spines or fast swimming behavior to protect from predators. These findings evidenced that the upper and lower zones of an estuary exhibit differences in the function of the zooplankton community and shed new light on the comprehension of estuaries’ ecological function.

Zooplankton composition and structure in the Indus River Estuary, Sindh, Pakistan

“…The diversity metrics were comparable and multiple indices used appropriately. Such pattern was seen in earlier studies 7,8 support the idea that functional diversity is moderately a consideration of taxonomic diversity 9,10 . Recently multiple diversity indices were adopted to determine Phytoplanktons and their role in muddy habitat of Indus River Estuarine 11 .…”

Simulation of encounter rates between zooplankton organisms and microplastics in a tropical estuary

“…Owing to their swimming speed and perception distance, the encounter rates of luciferids showed an intermediate position between copepods and chaetognaths, but closer to the other secondary consumer, the chaetognaths. In the Sontecomapan lagoon, luciferids were all represented by Belzebub faxoni [ 37 ]. This species inhabits neritic and coastal zones and is especially abundant near the shoreline [ 61 , 62 ].…”

“…To simulate the encounters with microplastics, we choose three kinds of organisms (copepods, luciferids, and chaetognaths) having different feeding modes and trophic positions. In Sontecomapan lagoon, copepods are mostly represented by Acartia tonsa , the luciferids by Belzebub faxoni , and the chaetognaths by Parasagitta friderici ; all of them are common organisms and have a wide distribution in the estuary [ 37 ].…”