Zooxanthellate zoantharians (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia: Brachycnemina) in the northern Red Sea

Reimer, James Davis; Montenegro, Javier; Santos, Maria Eduarda Alves; Low, Martyn E. Y.; Herrera, Marcela; Gatins, Remy; Roberts, May B.; Berumen, Michael L.

doi:10.1007/s12526-017-0706-3

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…However, previous studies in Palythoa species revealed that their Symbiodiniaceae diversity is somewhat flexible being associated either with Cladocopium or Durusdinium, notably for Palythoa caesia Dana, 1846 from the Indian Ocean (Burnett 2002), P. tuberculosa and P. mutuki in Singapore waters (Reimer and Todd 2009) and in the northern Persian Gulf (Koupaei et al 2016) and P. tuberculosa in the Red sea (Reimer et al 2017a) and the South China Sea off the Vietnam coasts (Sikorskaya et al 2021). Our results, at least for the genus Zoanthus, support the idea that Symbiodiniaceae diversity is influenced by regional distribution and ecological specialisation, as previously suggested (Reimer et al 2017b;Mizuyama et al 2020;Wee et al 2020).…”

Section: Symbiodiniaceae Diversitysupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Two commonly used DNA barcode markers (e.g. Reimer et al 2102Reimer et al , 2013Reimer et al , 2014Reimer et al , 2017b were amplified to identify the zoantharian species : the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and the entire length of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA (ITS-rDNA: internal transcribed spacer 1, 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene, internal transcribed spacer 2). COI sequences were amplified with the primers HCO2198 (5' -TAA ACT TCA GGG TGA CCA AAA AAT CA -3') and LCO1490 (5' -GGT CAA CAA ATC ATA AAG ATA TTG G -3').…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All toxic species investigated in this study were associated with Symbiodiniaceae belonging to the generalist genus Cladocopium which is the most species-rich, ecologically abundant, and broadly distributed genus within the Symbiodiniaceae (Thornhill et al 2014;LaJeunesse et al 2018). Whilst ITS2 of the rRNA gene remains the most popular marker used to infer the Symbiodiniaceae systematics (Shi et al 2021), the species genetic delineation within Cladocopium is generally very difficult due to a very low interspecies variability in these sequences (Thornhill et al 2014;Reimer et al 2017b;Mizuyama et al 2020). Considering ecological, geographic, reproductive, and genetic patterns, Cladocopium may consist of hundreds of species (Thornhill et al 2014).…”

Section: Symbiodiniaceae Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering ecological, geographic, reproductive, and genetic patterns, Cladocopium may consist of hundreds of species (Thornhill et al 2014). If so, there are likely distinct Cladocopium species present within toxic species of Palythoa, the identification of which may only be demonstrated with higher phylogenetic resolution markers (LaJeunesse and Thornhill 2011; Noda et al 2017;Reimer et al 2017b). To further describe the relationships between the Cladocopium strains and toxicity variability of their Palythoa hosts, it will be necessary to carry out studies based on alternative markers such as, for example, the plastid mini-circle non-coding region (Moore et al 2003;Takishita et al 2003;Reimer et al 2017b;Mizuyama et al 2020).…”

Section: Symbiodiniaceae Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Symbiodiniaceae diversity and characterization of palytoxin in various zoantharians (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia)

et al. 2022

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Anemone-like animals belonging to the order Zoantharia are common anthozoans widely distributed from shallow to deep tropical and subtropical waters. Some species are well-known because of their high toxicity due to the presence of palytoxin (PLTX) in their tissues. PLTX is a large polyhydroxylated compound and one of the most potent toxins known. Currently, the PLTX biosynthetic pathway in zoantharians and the role of the host or the putative symbiotic organism(s) involved in this pathway are entirely unknown. To better understand the presence of PLTX in some Zoantharia, twenty-nine zoantharian colonies were analysed in this study. All zoantharian samples and their endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodiniaceae = Zooxanthellae) were identified using DNA barcoding and phylogenetic reconstructions. Quantification of PLTX and its analogues showed that the yields contained in Palythoa heliodiscus, Palythoa aff. clavata and one potentially undescribed species of Palythoa are among the highest ever found (up to > 2 mg/g of wet zoantharian). Mass spectrometry imaging was used for the first time on Palythoa samples and revealed that in situ distribution of PLTX is mainly located in ectodermal tissues such as the epidermis of the body wall and the pharynx. Moreover, high levels of PLTX have been detected in histological regions where few or no Symbiodiniaceae cells could be observed. Finally, issues such as host-specificity and environmental variables driving biogeographical patterns of hosted Symbiodiniaceae in zoantharian lineages were discussed in light of our phylogenetic results as well as the patterns of PLTX distribution. It was concluded that (1) the variability of Symbiodiniaceae diversity may be related to ecological divergence in Zoantharia, (2) All Palythoa species hosted Cladocopium Symbiodiniaceae (formerly clade C), (3) the sole presence of Cladocopium is not sufficient to explain the presence of high concentrations of PLTX and/or its analogues and (4) the ability to produce high levels of PLTX and/or its analogues highlighted in some Palythoa species could be a plesiomorphic character inherited from their last common ancestor and subsequently lost in several lineages.

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Section: Symbiodiniaceae Diversitysupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Symbiodiniaceae Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Symbiodiniaceae Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Symbiodiniaceae diversity and characterization of palytoxin in various zoantharians (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia)

et al. 2022

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“…Zooxanthellate zoantharians in the genera Zoanthus and Palythoa are often common components of coral reef ecosystems in both the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific oceans (Karlson, 1980;Sebens, 1982;Burnett et al, 1997;Irei et al, 2011), but have received comparatively little attention with respect to their symbiont dynamics (but see Reimer et al, 2007). One such symbiotic zoantharian is Zoanthus sansibaricus, a species that is widely distributed across coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific (Reimer et al, 2017b). It can be found in a variety of environments -from the shallow intertidal zone to mesophotic depths (>50 m) -and is considered to be a generalist species (Kamezaki et al, 2013;Albinsky et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoantharian Endosymbiont Community Dynamics During a Stress Event

et al. 2021

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Coral reefs are complex ecosystems composed of many interacting species. One ecologically important group consists of zoantharians, which are closely related to reef-building corals. Like corals, zoantharians form mutualistic symbioses with dinoflagellate micro-algae (family Symbiodiniaceae), but their associations remain underexplored. To examine the degree to which zoantharians exhibit altered symbiont dynamics under changing environmental conditions, we reciprocally transplanted colonies of Zoanthus sansibaricus between intertidal (2 m) and subtidal (26 m) depths within a reef in Okinawa, Japan. At this location, Z. sansibaricus can associate with three Symbiodiniaceae species from two genera distributed along a light and depth gradient. We developed species-specific molecular assays and sampled colonies pre‐ and post-transplantation to analyze symbiont community diversity. Despite large environmental differences across depths, we detected few symbiont compositional changes resulting from transplantation stress. Colonies sourced from the intertidal zone associated with mixtures of a “shallow” Symbiodinium sp. and a “shallow” Cladocopium sp. independent of whether they were transplanted to shallow or deep waters. Colonies sourced from the subtidal zone were dominated by a “deep” Cladocopium sp. regardless of transplant depth. Subtidal colonies brought to shallow depths did not transition to the presumably high-light adapted shallow symbionts present in the new environment, but rather bleached and died. These patterns mirror observations of highly stable coral-algal associations subjected to depth transplantation. Our results indicate that Zoanthus-Symbiodiniaceae symbioses remain stable despite stress, suggesting these important reef community members have relatively low capacity to shuffle to more stress-tolerant micro-algae in response to ongoing climate change.

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Symbiodiniaceae diversity of Palythoa tuberculosa in the central and southern Red Sea influenced by environmental factors

et al. 2020

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Sea surface temperatures (SST) and chlorophyll a concentrations (Chl a) in the southern Red Sea 18 have wide variations based on distance from the coast. To understand how these variations can 19 affect the diversity of symbionts hosted by reef-associated organisms, we conducted a study in the 20 central and southern Red Sea to examine the diversity of Symbiodiniaceae hosted by the 21 zooxanthellate zoantharian Palythoa tuberculosa at different distances from the coast: offshore 22 (FBO), midshelf (FBM) and inshore (FBI) of Farasan Banks, and inshore at Thuwal (TI). Genomic 23 DNA was extracted from 198 specimens, followed by amplification of the ribosomal DNA internal 24 transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) and non-coding region of the chloroplast plastid minicircle (psbA ncr ). 25Durusdinium and six lineages of Cladocopium (Pt-1-a, Pt-1-b, Pt-1-c, Pt-1-d, Pt-3-a, Pt-3-b) were 26 identified based on sequences of the two marker regions. Changes in composition of 27 ManuscriptClick here to access/download;Manuscript;Revise2_Manuscript_CLEAN_Red Click here to view linked References Symbiodiniaceae lineages were observed from FBI (high SST, high Chl a) to FBO (low SST, low 28 Chl a). Molecular variance analyses (AMOVA) showed that distance from coast was the most 29 likely predictor of differences in Cladocopium lineages. Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR) 30 analysis showed a transition among different Cladocopium lineages as SST increased. One 31 Cladocopium lineage, Pt-1-b, demonstrated higher prevalences at high SSTs, and increased in 32 prevalences at the same rate as thermotolerant Durusdinium. Additionally, Cladocopium lineage 33 Pt-3-a had a high affinity to low Chl a concentrations. This study demonstrates that environmental 34 variations in SSTs and Chl a concentrations based apparently are significant predictors for the 35 diversity of dominant Symbiodiniaceae within individual host P. tuberculosa colonies. We 36 theorize that flexibility with different lineages of Symbiodiniaceae allows generalist P. 37 tuberculosa to live across a wide range of environments in the southern Red Sea. 38 39

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Zooxanthellate zoantharians (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia: Brachycnemina) in the northern Red Sea

Cited by 10 publications

References 59 publications

Symbiodiniaceae diversity and characterization of palytoxin in various zoantharians (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia)

Symbiodiniaceae diversity and characterization of palytoxin in various zoantharians (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia)

Zoantharian Endosymbiont Community Dynamics During a Stress Event

Symbiodiniaceae diversity of Palythoa tuberculosa in the central and southern Red Sea influenced by environmental factors

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