“…However, research on the relative importance of intelligence and self-concept of ability for the prediction of school achievement has produced mixed results even when researchers have included both standardized tests and school grades as indicators of performance within selected academic domains (Dresel et al, 2010; Helmke, 1992; Lau & Roeser, 2002; Lotz et al, 2018; Steinmayr & Meißner, 2013; Zaunbauer et al, 2009). With regard to students’ standardized test performance, some studies have identified intelligence as a more important predictor than students’ ability self-concept (for test performance in math and science: Helmke, 1992; Lau & Roeser, 2002; Lotz et al, 2018; Steinmayr & Meißner, 2013), as a predictor of comparable importance (for test performance in a foreign language: Zaunbauer et al, 2009), or as less important (for test performance in students’ native language: Dresel et al, 2010). With regard to school grades, some of these studies have identified students’ ability self-concept as a more powerful predictor than intelligence (for grades in native language, foreign language, and math: Dresel et al, 2010; Lotz et al, 2018; Zaunbauer et al, 2009) or as a predictor of comparable importance (for grades in math and science: Helmke, 1992; Lau & Roeser, 2002; Steinmayr & Meißner, 2013).…”